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Yang L, Murthy S, Cortellini A, Lim EA, Gonzalez M, Pinato DJ, Abdel-Malek M, Mahmoud S, Martin NM. Effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor associated endocrinopathies on cancer survival. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1369268. [PMID: 38681767 PMCID: PMC11045886 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1369268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), of which endocrinopathies are common. We characterized endocrine and non-endocrine irAEs in cancer patients receiving ICIs, identified risk factors for their development and established whether endocrine and non-endocrine irAEs were differentially associated with improved cancer prognosis. Design and methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors receiving at least one ICI treatment cycle (242 men, 151 women, median age 65 years). Main outcome measures were incidence of any irAE during the study period, overall survival and time to treatment failure. Results Non-endocrine irAEs occurred in 32% and endocrine irAEs in 12% of patients. Primary thyroid dysfunction was the most common endocrine irAE (9.5%) and the majority of endocrinopathies required permanent hormone replacement. Women had an increased risk of developing endocrine irAEs (p = 0.017). The biggest survival advantage occurred in patients who developed both endocrine and non-endocrine irAEs (overall survival: HR 0.16, CI 0.09-0.28). Time to treatment failure was also significantly improved in patients who developed endocrine irAEs (HR 0.49, CI 0.34 - 0.71) or both (HR 0.41, CI 0.25 - 0.64) but not in those who only developed non-endocrine irAEs. Conclusions Women may have increased risk of endocrine irAEs secondary to ICI treatment. This is the first study to compare the effects of endocrine irAEs with non-endocrine irAEs on survival. Development of endocrine irAEs may confer survival benefit in ICI treatment and future, prospective studies are needed to elucidate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sruthi Murthy
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Cortellini
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, London, United Kingdom
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma A. Lim
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Pinato
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariana Abdel-Malek
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacy, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh M. Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Reschke R, Deitert B, Enk AH, Hassel JC. The role of tissue-resident memory T cells as mediators for response and toxicity in immunotherapy-treated melanoma-two sides of the same coin? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385781. [PMID: 38562921 PMCID: PMC10982392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) have become an interesting subject of study for antitumor immunity in melanoma and other solid tumors. In the initial phases of antitumor immunity, they maintain an immune equilibrium and protect against challenges with tumor cells and the formation of primary melanomas. In metastatic settings, they are a prime target cell population for immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) because they highly express inhibitory checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, or LAG-3. Once melanoma patients are treated with ICI, TRM cells residing in the tumor are reactivated and expand. Tumor killing is achieved by secreting effector molecules such as IFN-γ. However, off-target effects are also observed. Immune-related adverse events, such as those affecting barrier organs like the skin, can be mediated by ICI-induced TRM cells. Therefore, a detailed understanding of this memory T-cell type is obligatory to better guide and improve immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Reschke
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Deitert
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alex H. Enk
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C. Hassel
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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Lewis RI, Seuthe K, Lennartz S, Weber JP, Kreuzberg N, Klingel K, Bröckelmann PJ. Case Report: Sudden very late-onset near fatal PD1 inhibitor-associated myocarditis with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after >2.5 years of pembrolizumab treatment. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1328378. [PMID: 38440207 PMCID: PMC10909844 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1328378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors have advanced the outcomes of many different types of cancer. A rare but extraordinarily severe complication of these agents resembles immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis, which typically occurs within the first few weeks after treatment initiation with a mortality of 25%-50%. Case report A 57-year-old woman had uneventfully received pembrolizumab for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer for over 2.5 years and was admitted after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. After successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the initial diagnostic work-up showed elevated cardiac enzymes and a limited left-ventricular ejection fraction, while coronary angiography did not show relevant stenosis. Despite cardiac MRI being unsuggestive of myocarditis, myocardial biopsies were obtained and histologically confirmed anti-PD-1 antibody-associated myocarditis. After the initiation of prednisone at 1 mg/kg body weight, the patient gradually recovered and was discharged three weeks later with markedly improved cardiac function. Conclusion This case resembles the first description of a very late onset irMyocarditis, occurring over 2.5 years after the start of treatment. It demonstrates the importance of contemplating that severe immune-related toxicities with a sudden onset clinical presentation may occur even after long uneventful periods of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, it underlines the critical importance of myocardial biopsies in this setting, especially when cardiac MRI remains inconclusive. Moreover, it demonstrates the necessity and benefits of early immunosuppressive treatment if immune-related myocarditis is considered a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Lewis
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Seuthe
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Lennartz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Phillip Weber
- Center for Hematology and Oncology, Oncology Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Kreuzberg
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul J. Bröckelmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kocheise L, Piseddu I, Vonderlin J, Tjwa ET, Buescher G, Meunier L, Goeggelmann P, Fianchi F, Dumortier J, Barciela MR, Gevers TJG, Beretta-Piccoli BT, Londoño MC, Frankova S, Roesner T, Joerg V, Schmidt C, Glaser F, Sutter JP, Fründt TW, Lohse AW, Huber S, von Felden J, Sebode M, Schulze K. Corrigendum: PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy demonstrates favorable safety profile in patients with autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369747. [PMID: 38327519 PMCID: PMC10848160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1326078.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kocheise
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ignazio Piseddu
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joscha Vonderlin
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric T. Tjwa
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gustav Buescher
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Meunier
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Service Hépato-Gastro Entérologie, Hôpital St-Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pia Goeggelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Fianchi
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- CEMAD-Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Jérôme Dumortier
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Service d’hépato-gastroentérologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot – Hospices civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mar Riveiro Barciela
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Valle d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom J. G. Gevers
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Nutrim School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- MowatLabs, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Carlota Londoño
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, FCRB-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sona Frankova
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Thomas Roesner
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Joerg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Schmidt
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Glaser
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan P. Sutter
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorben W. Fründt
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johann von Felden
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Schulze
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
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Kocheise L, Piseddu I, Vonderlin J, Tjwa ET, Buescher G, Meunier L, Goeggelmann P, Fianchi F, Dumortier J, Riveiro Barciela M, Gevers TJG, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Londoño MC, Frankova S, Roesner T, Joerg V, Schmidt C, Glaser F, Sutter JP, Fründt TW, Lohse AW, Huber S, von Felden J, Sebode M, Schulze K. PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy demonstrates favorable safety profile in patients with autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1326078. [PMID: 38268921 PMCID: PMC10805832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1326078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies in recent years. However, immune-related adverse events (irAE) are a frequent concern in clinical practice. The safety profile of ICI for the treatment of malignancies in patients diagnosed with autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease (AILD) remains unclear. Due to this uncertainty, these patients were excluded from ICI clinical trials and ICI are withheld from this patient group. In this retrospective multicenter study, we assessed the safety of ICI in patients with AILD. Methods We contacted tertiary referral hospitals for the identification of AILD patients under ICI treatment in Europe via the European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER). Fourteen centers contributed data on AILD patients with malignancies being treated with ICI, another three centers did not treat these patients with ICI due to fear of irAEs. Results In this study, 22 AILD patients under ICI treatment could be identified. Among these patients, 12 had primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), five had primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), four had autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and one patient had an AIH-PSC variant syndrome. Eleven patients had hepatobiliary cancers and the other 11 patients presented with non-hepatic tumors. The applied ICIs were atezolizumab (n=7), durvalumab (n=5), pembrolizumab (n=4), nivolumab (n=4), spartalizumab (n=1), and in one case combined immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Among eight patients who presented with grade 1 or 2 irAEs, three demonstrated liver irAEs. Cases with grades ≥ 3 irAEs were not reported. No significant changes in liver tests were observed during the first year after the start of ICI. Discussion This European multicenter study demonstrates that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors appear to be safe in patients with AILD. Further studies on the safety of more potent dual immune checkpoint therapy are needed. We conclude that immunotherapy should not categorically be withheld from patients with AILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kocheise
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ignazio Piseddu
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joscha Vonderlin
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric T. Tjwa
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gustav Buescher
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Meunier
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Service Hépato-Gastro Entérologie, Hôpital St-Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pia Goeggelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Fianchi
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- CEMAD-Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Jérôme Dumortier
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Service d’hépato-gastroentérologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot – Hospices civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mar Riveiro Barciela
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Valle d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom J. G. Gevers
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Nutrim School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- MowatLabs, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Carlota Londoño
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, FCRB-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sona Frankova
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Thomas Roesner
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Joerg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Schmidt
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Glaser
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan P. Sutter
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorben W. Fründt
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johann von Felden
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Schulze
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
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Al-Rajabi T, Naidoo J, Zhang J. Editorial: Optimizing outcomes and addressing adversities of immunotherapy in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1277542. [PMID: 37746275 PMCID: PMC10517860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1277542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarushka Naidoo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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