1
|
Tielemans B, Wagenaar A, Belge C, Delcroix M, Quarck R. Pulmonary arterial hypertension drugs can partially restore altered angiogenic capacities in bmpr2-silenced human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12293. [PMID: 37790139 PMCID: PMC10543474 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (bmpr2) gene and signaling pathway impairment are observed in heritable and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In PAH, endothelial dysfunction is currently handled by drugs targeting the endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and prostacyclin (PGI2) pathways. The role of angiogenesis in the disease process and the effect of PAH therapies on dysregulated angiogenesis remain inconclusive. We aim to investigate in vitro whether (i) bmpr2 silencing can impair angiogenic capacity of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) and (ii) PAH therapies can restore them. The effects of macitentan (ET-1), tadalafil (NO), and selexipag (PGI2), on BMPRII pathway activation, endothelial barrier function, and angiogenesis were investigated in bmpr2-silenced HLMVECs. Stable bmpr2 silencing resulted in impaired migration and tube formation in vitro capacity. Inhibition of ET-1 pathway was able to partially restore tube formation in bmpr2-silenced HLMVECs, whereas none of the therapies was able to restore endothelial barrier function, no deleterious effects were observed. Our findings highlight the potential role of BMPRII signaling pathway in driving pulmonary endothelial cell angiogenesis. In addition, PAH drugs display limited effects on endothelial function when BMPRII is impaired, suggesting that innovative therapeutic strategies targeting BMPRII signaling are needed to better rescue endothelial dysfunction in PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birger Tielemans
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA) & Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and PathologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Allard Wagenaar
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA)University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Catharina Belge
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA) & Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Marion Delcroix
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA) & Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rozenn Quarck
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA) & Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tu YK, Hsueh YH, Huang HC. Human olfactory ensheathing cell-derived extracellular vesicles: miRNA profile and neuroprotective effect. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18:395-408. [PMID: 34645375 DOI: 10.2174/1567202618666211012162111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy has been identified as a leading alternative approach in several disease models. EV derived from the olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) has been documented for its strong neuro-regenerative capacity. However, no information on its cargo that may contribute to its therapeutic effect has been available. OBJECTIVE To report the first miRNA profile of human OEC (hOEC) -EV, and investigate the neuroprotective effects. METHODS hOEC-EV was isolated and sequenced. We established in vitro experiments to assess the therapeutic potential of hOEC-EVs with respect to insulted neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and the angiogenesis effect. Secondary post-injury insults were imitated using t-BHP-mediated oxidative stress. RESULTS We noted a strong abundance of hOEC-EV-miRNAs, including hsa-miR148a-3p, has-miR151a-3p and several members of let-7 family. The common targets of 15 miRNAs among the top 20 miRNAs were thrombospondin 1 and cyclin dependent kinase 6. We demonstrated that hOEC-EVs promote normal NPC proliferation and differentiation to neuron-like morphologies with prolonged axons. hOEC-EVs protect cells from t-BHP mediated apoptosis. We also found that the migration rate of either NPCs or endothelial cells significantly improved with hOEC-EVs. Furthermore, in vitro tube formation assays indicated that angiogenesis, an important process for tissue repair, was significantly enhanced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to hOEC-EVs. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that hOEC-EVs exert neuroprotective effects by protecting cells from apoptosis and promoting in vitro biological processes that are important to neural tissue repair, including neural cell proliferation, axonal growth, and cell migration, in addition to enhancing angiogenesis. </p>.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospitall, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung city. Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huan Hsueh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospitall, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung city. Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chang Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospitall, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung city. Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chinnici CM, Iannolo G, Cittadini E, Carreca AP, Nascari D, Timoneri F, Bella MD, Cuscino N, Amico G, Carcione C, Conaldi PG. Extracellular Vesicle-Derived microRNAs of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells May Activate Endogenous VEGF-A to Promote Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2045. [PMID: 33669517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, the secretome of human Wharton’s jelly (WJ) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) effectively promoted proangiogenic responses in vitro, which were impaired upon the depletion of small (~140 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs). The isolated EVs shared the low VEGF-A profile of the secretome and expressed five microRNAs, which were upregulated compared to fetal dermal MSC-derived EVs. These upregulated microRNAs exclusively targeted the VEGF-A gene within 54 Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes, 18 of which are associated with angiogenesis. Moreover, 15 microRNAs of WJ-MSC-derived EVs were highly expressed (Ct value ≤ 26) and exclusively targeted the thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) gene within 75 GO biological processes, 30 of which are associated with the regulation of tissue repair. The relationship between predicted microRNA target genes and WJ-MSC-derived EVs was shown by treating human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with appropriate doses of EVs. The exposure of HUVECs to EVs for 72 h significantly enhanced the release of VEGF-A and THBS1 protein expression compared to untreated control cells. Finally, WJ-MSC-derived EVs stimulated in vitro tube formation along with the migration and proliferation of HUVECs. Our findings can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the proangiogenic responses induced by human umbilical cord-derived MSCs, suggesting a key regulatory role for microRNAs delivered by EVs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vaeyens MM, Jorge-Peñas A, Barrasa-Fano J, Shapeti A, Roeffaers M, Van Oosterwyck H. Actomyosin-dependent invasion of endothelial sprouts in collagen. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:261-276. [PMID: 32588525 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During sprouting angiogenesis-the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature-endothelial cells (ECs) adopt an elongated invasive form and exert forces at cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction sites. These cell shape changes and cellular tractions require extensive reorganizations of the actomyosin network. However, the respective roles of actin and myosin for endothelial sprouting are not fully elucidated. In this study, we further investigate these roles by treating 2D-migrating and 3D-sprouting ECs with chemical compounds targeting either myosin or actin. These treatments affected the endothelial cytoskeleton drastically and reduced the invasive response in a compound-specific manner; pointing toward a tight control of the actin and myosin activity during sprouting. Clusters in the data further illustrate that endothelial sprout morphology is sensitive to the in vitro model mechanical microenvironment and directs future research toward mechanical substrate guidance as a strategy for promoting engineered tissue vascularization. In summary, our results add to a growing corpus of research highlighting a key role of the cytoskeleton for sprouting angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mo Vaeyens
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Jorge-Peñas
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Barrasa-Fano
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Apeksha Shapeti
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Samal R, Sappa PK, Gesell Salazar M, Wenzel K, Reinke Y, Völker U, Felix SB, Hammer E, Könemann S. Global secretome analysis of resident cardiac progenitor cells from wild-type and transgenic heart failure mice: Why ambience matters. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10111-10122. [PMID: 30575044 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have gained attention in cardiac regenerative medicine primarily due to their paracrine activity. In our current study we determined the role of pathological conditions such as heart failure on the autocrine-paracrine action of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) expressing CPC. This comparative secretome profiling of Sca-1+ cells derived from transgenic heart failure (αMHC-cyclin-T1/Gαq overexpression [Cyc] cells) versus healthy (wild-type [Wt] cells) mice, achieved via mass-spectrometric quantification, enabled the identification of over 700 proteins. Our results demonstrate that the heart failure milieu caused a 2-fold enrichment of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) like biglycan, versican, collagen XII, and angiogenic factors like heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in the secretome. We further elucidated the direct influence of the secretome on the functional behavior of Sca-1 + cells via in vitro tube forming assay. Secreted factors present in the diseased milieu induced tube formation in Cyc cells (1.7-fold; p < 0.01) when compared with Wt cells after 24 hr of exposure. The presence of conditioned media moderately increased the proliferation of Cyc cells but had a more pronounced effect on Wt cells. Overall, these findings revealed global modifications in the secretory activity of adult Sca-1 + cells in the heart failure milieu. The secretion of ECM proteins and angiogenic factors, which are crucial for cardiac remodeling and recovery, was notably enriched in the supernatant of Cyc cells. Thus, during heart failure the microenvironment of Sca-1 + cells might favor angiogenesis and proliferation suggesting their potential to recover the damaged heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmita Samal
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Praveen Kumar Sappa
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine C, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reinke
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Burkhard Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephanie Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fuster-Matanzo A, Manferrari G, Marchetti B, Pluchino S. Wnt3a promotes pro-angiogenic features in macrophages in vitro: Implications for stroke pathology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 243:22-28. [PMID: 29199847 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217746392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt3a is implicated in several key cellular processes and its expression has been reported in different cell types. Here, we report a novel function for Wnt3a in macrophages, whose exposure to this ligand shifts them towards a pro-angiogenic phenotype capable, under oxygen and glucose deprivation, of inducing in vitro tubular pattern structures in endothelial cells resembling capillary-like vasculature. These newly acquired angiogenetic features also include increased proliferation and migration and surprisingly, an increase in cell death. This work provides a new link between Wnt3a and macrophage-mediated angiogenesis under glucose and oxygen deprivation in vitro, which are worth further investigation in pathological conditions including stroke, where the stimulation of the angiogenic process might help to recovery after tissue injury Impact statement This work provides a new link between Wnt3a and macrophage-mediated angiogenesis under glucose and oxygen deprivation in vitro. Our results reveal how Wnt3a shifts macrophages towards a pro-angiogenic phenotype, which is able-in absence of both glucose and oxygen-of inducing angiogenesis in vitro, thus pointing to a synergy between the activation of the pathway and the hypoxia scenario. This work also demonstrates that modulation of cell death is key in order to explain the observed angiogenic effects. We consider all these findings of significant importance, since no connection between Wnt3a, macrophages, and angiogenesis has been established so far. Furthermore, we do believe that this work provides new and interesting results, with Wnt signaling pathway emerging as an interesting target mediating beneficial outcomes during the inflammatory response undoubtedly linked to stroke pathology, where angiogenesis has been already proposed as a potential mechanism to promote recovery after the injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fuster-Matanzo
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences - Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, 151895 University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0HA, UK
| | - Giulia Manferrari
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences - Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, 151895 University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0HA, UK
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- 2 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Pharmacology Section, University of Catania Medical School, Catania 95125, Italy.,3 OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina 94018 (EN), Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences - Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, 151895 University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0HA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
AIMS In vitro studies on hormone biological activities are commonly performed on cells cultured in nominally hormone-free media consisting of phenol-red-free media supplemented with charcoal-stripped (CS) serum. These media are largely used in almost all cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS Cell number and metabolic activity were measured with standard methods. Angiogenesis was evaluated in a three-dimensional spheroid sprouting assay. RESULTS When we compared human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) cultured in standard conditions (199 medium supplemented with normal serum) with HUVECs grown in the hormone-free medium (phenol-red-free 199 medium supplemented with CS serum), we found that cells stop to grow in the absence of hormones. Notably, neither 17-β2 estradiol nor dihydrotestosterone reversed this inhibition. Moreover, the presence of the CS serum was sufficient to abrogate the ability of HUVECs to sprout in a three-dimensional spheroid assay, thus affecting a functional property of ECs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that one or possibly more substances removed by stripping procedure from serum and different from sex hormones are crucial for the maintenance of in vitro ECs distinctive properties. Therefore, caution should be used when ECs are studied in media containing the CS serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vanetti
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Lucia M Vicentini
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cattaneo
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arutyunyan IV, Fatkhudinov TH, El'chaninov AV, Makarov AV, Kananykhina EY, Usman NY, Raimova ES, Goldshtein DV, Bol'shakova GB. Effect of Endothelial Cells on Angiogenic Properties of Multipotent Stromal Cells from the Umbilical Cord during Angiogenesis Modeling in the Basement Membrane Matrix. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:575-82. [PMID: 26899836 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-term cell culturing on basement membrane matrix is a common and very convenient in vitro model of angiogenesis. We studied the possibility of interaction of multipotent stromal cells from the umbilical cord and Ea.hy926 endothelial cells on this model at the early and late periods of the experiment. Multipotent stromal cells alone and in combination with endothelial cells formed an unstable tubular network. Clusters formed after its disassembling later became the sprouting centers in co-culture of the two cell types, but not in pure culture of multipotent stromal cells. Multipotent stromal cells with CD31+ phenotype constitute the structural basis of newly formed stable 3D capillary-like network. Prolongation of the time of culturing and combination of the two in vitro models of angiogenesis (tubulogenesis and sprouting) allowed more complete assessment of the angiogenic potential of multipotent stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I V Arutyunyan
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T H Fatkhudinov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V El'chaninov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Makarov
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Kananykhina
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Yu Usman
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Sh Raimova
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Because little is known how microtubules contribute to cell migration in a physiological three-dimensional environment, we analyzed microtubule function and dynamics during in vitro angiogenesis in which endothelial cells form networks on a reconstituted basement membrane. Endothelial network formation resulted from distinct cell behaviors: matrix reorganization by myosin-mediated contractile forces, and active cell migration along reorganized, bundled matrix fibers. Inhibition of microtubule dynamics inhibited persistent cell migration, but not matrix reorganization. In addition, microtubule polymerization dynamics and CLASP2-binding to microtubules were spatially regulated to promote microtubule growth into endothelial cell protrusions along matrix tension tracks. We propose that microtubules counter-act contractile forces of the cortical actin cytoskeleton and are required to stabilize endothelial cell protrusions in a soft three-dimensional environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Lyle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|