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Lamendour L, Gilotin M, Deluce-Kakwata Nkor N, Lakhrif Z, Meley D, Poupon A, Laboute T, di Tommaso A, Pin JJ, Mulleman D, Le Mélédo G, Aubrey N, Watier H, Velge-Roussel F. Bispecific antibodies tethering innate receptors induce human tolerant-dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369117. [PMID: 38601165 PMCID: PMC11005913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for alternative therapies targeting human dendritic cells (DCs) that could reverse inflammatory syndromes in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and organ transplantations. Here, we describe a bispecific antibody (bsAb) strategy tethering two pathogen-recognition receptors at the surface of human DCs. This cross-linking switches DCs into a tolerant profile able to induce regulatory T-cell differentiation. The bsAbs, not parental Abs, induced interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β1 secretion in monocyte-derived DCs and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, they induced interleukin 10 secretion by synovial fluid cells in rheumatoid arthritis and gout patients. This concept of bsAb-induced tethering of surface pathogen-recognition receptors switching cell properties opens a new therapeutic avenue for controlling inflammation and restoring immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Lamendour
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mäelle Gilotin
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nora Deluce-Kakwata Nkor
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Zineb Lakhrif
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP) UMR 1282, INRAE, Team BioMAP, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Meley
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- institut de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et ’environnement (INRAE) UMR 0085, centre de recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7247, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- MAbSilico, Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Laboute
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anne di Tommaso
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP) UMR 1282, INRAE, Team BioMAP, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Denis Mulleman
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Le Mélédo
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Aubrey
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP) UMR 1282, INRAE, Team BioMAP, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florence Velge-Roussel
- EA7501, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Team Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement (FRAME), Université de Tours, Tours, France
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2
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Giurini EF, Madonna MB, Zloza A, Gupta KH. Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2923. [PMID: 35740589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are involved in recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing immune response. During the past decade, a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR agonists has immerged in cancer research and some of these agents have performed exceptionally well in clinical trials. Based on evidence from scientific studies, we draw attention to several microbial based TLR agonists and discuss their relevance in various cancer and explore various microbial based TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
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Hiroki CH, Sarden N, Hassanabad MF, Yipp BG. Innate Receptors Expression by Lung Nociceptors: Impact on COVID-19 and Aging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785355. [PMID: 34975876 PMCID: PMC8716370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to non-sterile air which carries harmful threats, such as particles and pathogens. Nonetheless, this organ is equipped with fast and efficient mechanisms to eliminate these threats from the airways as well as prevent pathogen invasion. The respiratory tract is densely innervated by sensory neurons, also known as nociceptors, which are responsible for the detection of external stimuli and initiation of physiological and immunological responses. Furthermore, expression of functional innate receptors by nociceptors have been reported; however, the influence of these receptors to the lung function and local immune response is poorly described. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of coordinated and competent pulmonary immunity for the prevention of pathogen spread as well as prevention of excessive tissue injury. New findings suggest that lung nociceptors can be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection; what remains unclear is whether innate receptor trigger sensory neuron activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and what is the relevance for the outcomes. Moreover, elderly individuals often present with respiratory, neurological and immunological dysfunction. Whether aging in the context of sensory nerve function and innate receptors contributes to the disorders of these systems is currently unknown. Here we discuss the expression of innate receptors by nociceptors, particularly in the lungs, and the possible impact of their activation on pulmonary immunity. We then demonstrate recent evidence that suggests lung sensory neurons as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and possible viral recognition via innate receptors. Lastly, we explore the mechanisms by which lung nociceptors might contribute to disturbance in respiratory and immunological responses during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. Hiroki
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Sarden
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mortaza F. Hassanabad
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Carriere J, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. NLRP7: From inflammasome regulation to human disease. Immunology 2021; 163:363-376. [PMID: 34021586 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, which sense conserved microbial patterns and host-derived danger signals to elicit innate immune responses. The activation of several prototypic NLRs, including NLR and pyrin domain (PYD) containing (NLRP) 1, NLRP3 and NLR and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC) 4, results in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large, cytoplasmic multiprotein signalling platforms responsible for the maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and for the induction of a specialized form of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. However, the function of other members of the NLR family, including NLRP7, are less well understood. NLRP7 has been linked to innate immune signalling, but its precise role is still controversial as it has been shown to positively and negatively affect inflammasome responses. Inflammasomes are essential for homeostasis and host defence, but inappropriate inflammasome responses due to hereditary mutations and somatic mosaicism in inflammasome components and defective regulation have been linked to a broad spectrum of human diseases. A compelling connection between NLRP7 mutations and reproductive diseases, and in particular molar pregnancy, has been established. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NLRP7 mutations contribute to reproductive diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on NLRP7 and discuss the current evidence of its role in inflammasome regulation and its implication in human reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carriere
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Samanta M, Yim J, De Jesús Andino F, Paiola M, Robert J. TLR5-Mediated Reactivation of Quiescent Ranavirus FV3 in Xenopus Peritoneal Macrophages. J Virol 2021; 95:e00215-21. [PMID: 33827949 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00215-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses such as frog virus 3 (FV3) are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses causing emerging infectious diseases leading to extensive morbidity and mortality of amphibians and other ectothermic vertebrates worldwide. Among the hosts of FV3, some are highly susceptible, whereas others are resistant and asymptomatic carriers that can take part in disseminating the infectious virus. To date, the mechanisms involved in the processes of FV3 viral persistence associated with subclinical infection transitioning to lethal outbreaks remain unknown. Investigation in Xenopus laevis has revealed that in asymptomatic FV3 carrier animals, inflammation induced by heat-killed (HK) Escherichia coli stimulation can provoke the relapse of active infection. Since Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for recognizing microbial molecular patterns, we investigated their possible involvement in inflammation-induced FV3 reactivation. Among the 10 different TLRs screened for changes in expression levels following FV3 infection and HK E. coli stimulation, only TLR5 and TLR22, both of which recognize bacterial products, showed differential expression, and only the TLR5 ligand flagellin was able to induce FV3 reactivation similarly to HK E. coli Furthermore, only the TLR5 ligand flagellin induced FV3 reactivation in peritoneal macrophages both in vitro and in vivo These data indicate that the TLR5 signaling pathway can trigger FV3 reactivation and suggest a role of secondary bacterial infections or microbiome alterations (stress or pollution) in initiating sudden deadly disease outbreaks in amphibian populations with detectable persistent asymptomatic ranavirus.IMPORTANCE This study in the amphibian Xenopus laevis provides new evidence of the critical role of macrophages in the persistence of ranaviruses in a quiescent state as well as in the reactivation of these pathogens into a virulent infection. Among the multiple microbial sensors expressed by macrophages, our data underscore the preponderant involvement of TLR5 stimulation in triggering the reactivation of quiescent FV3 in resident peritoneal macrophages, unveiling a mechanistic connection between the reactivation of persisting ranavirus infection and bacterial coinfection. This suggests a role for secondary bacterial infections or microbiome alterations (stress or pollution) in initiating sudden deadly disease outbreaks in amphibian populations with detectable persistent asymptomatic ranavirus.
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Owens T, Benmamar-Badel A, Wlodarczyk A, Marczynska J, Mørch MT, Dubik M, Arengoth DS, Asgari N, Webster G, Khorooshi R. Protective roles for myeloid cells in neuroinflammation. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12963. [PMID: 32851668 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells represent the major cellular component of innate immune responses. Myeloid cells include monocytes and macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) and dendritic cells (DC). The role of myeloid cells has been broadly described both in physiological and in pathological conditions. All tissues or organs are equipped with resident myeloid cells, such as parenchymal microglia in the brain, which contribute to maintaining homeostasis. Moreover, in case of infection or tissue damage, other myeloid cells such as monocytes or granulocytes (especially neutrophils) can be recruited from the circulation, at first to promote inflammation and later to participate in repair and regeneration. This review aims to address the regulatory roles of myeloid cells in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), with a particular focus on recent work showing induction of suppressive function via stimulation of innate signalling in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Owens
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anouk Benmamar-Badel
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Marlene T Mørch
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dina S Arengoth
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Using immunocompromised mice to identify mechanisms of Zika virus transmission and pathogenesis. Immunology 2018; 153:443-454. [PMID: 29266213 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for a recent global epidemic that has been associated with congenital brain malformations in fetuses and with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Within the last 2 years, a major effort has been made to develop murine models to study the mechanism of viral transmission, pathogenesis and the host immune response. Here, we discuss the findings from these models regarding the role that the innate and adaptive immune responses have in controlling ZIKV infection and pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine how innate and adaptive immune responses influence sexual and vertical transmission of ZIKV infection as well as how these responses can influence the ability of ZIKV to cross the placenta and to induce damage in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Abstract
Understanding the rationale for the generation of a pool of highly differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells displaying a weakened capacity to scrutinize for peptides complexed with major histocompatibility class I molecules via their T cell receptor, lacking the “signal 2” CD28 receptor, and yet expressing a highly diverse array of innate receptors, from natural killer receptors, interleukin receptors, and damage-associated molecular pattern receptors, among others, is one of the most challenging issues in contemporary human immunology. The prevalence of these differentiated CD8+ T cells, also known as CD8+CD28−, CD8+KIR+, NK-like CD8+ T cells, or innate CD8+ T cells, in non-lymphoid organs and tissues, in peripheral blood of healthy elderly, namely centenarians, but also in stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions suggests that they are not merely end-of-the-line dysfunctional cells. These experienced CD8+ T cells are highly diverse and capable of sensing a variety of TCR-independent signals, which enables them to respond and fine-tune tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Arosa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André J Esgalhado
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Carolina A Padrão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Elsa M Cardoso
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Abstract
Over the last decade it became broadly recognized that adipokines and thus the fat tissue compartment exert a regulatory function on the immune system. Our own group described the pro-inflammatory function of the adipokine leptin within intestinal inflammation in a variety of animal models. Following-up on this initial work, the aim was to reveal stimuli and mechanisms involved in the activation of the fat tissue compartment and the subsequent release of adipokines and other mediators paralleled by the infiltration of immune cells. This review will summarize the current literature on the possible role of the mesenteric fat tissue in intestinal inflammation with a focus on Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is of particular interest in this context since the transmural intestinal inflammation has been associated with a characteristic hypertrophy of the mesenteric fat, a phenomenon called “creeping fat.” The review will address three consecutive questions: (i) What is inducing adipocyte activation, (ii) which factors are released after activation and what are the consequences for the local fat tissue compartment and infiltrating cells; (iii) do the answers generated before allow for an explanation of the role of the mesenteric fat tissue within intestinal inflammation? With this review we will provide a working model indicating a close interaction in between bacterial translocation, activation of the adipocytes, and subsequent direction of the infiltrating immune cells. In summary, the models system mesenteric fat indicates a unique way how adipocytes can directly interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Kruis
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Arvind Batra
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
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