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Zhang Z, Chen Z. Nonhuman treatment reduces helping others: self-dehumanization as a mechanism. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1352991. [PMID: 38505369 PMCID: PMC10948621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1352991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectification is a daily experience with various negative consequences. In four studies (N = 877), we tested whether and how objectification experience contributes to decreased prosociality. Using correlational designs (Studies 1 and 2), we found that participants' objectification experience negatively predicted their prosocial intention and that self-dehumanization could account for the negative association between objectification and prosocial intention. Next, by manipulating participants' objectification experience, we found the negative effect of objectification on prosocial intention, as well as the mediating role of self-dehumanization (Studies 3 and 4). Additionally, we tested the mediating role of self-dehumanization in comparison with relative deprivation (another potential mediator), and consistently found that self-dehumanization was a stronger mediator in accounting for the effect of objectification on prosocial intention (Studies 1, 2, and 4). Together, our findings support the process of self-dehumanization following objectification and offer new insights into the relationship between objectification and prosociality. The implications and limitations of the research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang Z, Chen Z, Poon KT, Jiang T. Objectification decreases prosociality: the mediating role of relative deprivation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1120513. [PMID: 37342634 PMCID: PMC10277611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectification denies individuals' personhood and renders them as tools for facilitating others' goal achievement. With two studies (N = 446), the present investigation aimed to contribute to the literature by testing whether and how objectification impacts prosociality, including prosocial intention and prosocial behavior. Study 1, with a correlational design, aimed to test whether participants with greater experience of objectification would report lower levels of prosociality, and to test whether participants' relative deprivation could account for the proposed association between objectification and prosociality. To further test these associations and provide causal evidence, in Study 2, we manipulated objectification by asking participants to imagine future objectification experiences. These studies converged in support of the negative relationship between objectification and prosocial intention, as well as the mediating role of relative deprivation. Regarding prosocial behavior, our findings support a mediating mechanism between objectification and prosocial behavior, although the evidence for the effect of objectification on prosocial behavior is not sufficient. These findings enrich our understanding of the consequences of objectification, while highlighting interpersonal processes' contribution to prosocial intention and behavior. The limitations and potential future directions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai-Tak Poon
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tonglin Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The nurse-patient relationship involves complex attitudes and behaviours with ethical and deontological implications. It has been linked to improvements in patient health outcomes, although there is still no consensus in the scientific literature as to the definition and characterisation of the concept. This article aim to define the concept of the nurse-patient relationship. A concept analysis was conducted using the Walker and Avant method to identify the attributes defining the nurse-patient relationship. An integrative review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature databases. A review of the grey literature and other minor non-indexed publications on the topic was also conducted. A total of 36 articles were included in the review. A model case, a contrary case, a related case, and empirical references were produced to clarify the concept and identify its essential attributes. The concept is defined as a helping relationship involving interaction between different players. It is the basis of nursing care and is intended to meet the healthcare needs of the individual receiving this care. It is also viewed as an intervention in itself, requiring a specific training process just like any other nursing skill. The essential attributes of the relationship are empathy, presence, contact, authenticity, trust, and reciprocity. In conclusion, the nurse-patient relationship is a helping relationship established with the patient and/or their family based on interaction, communication, respect for ethical values, acceptance, and empathy in order to encourage introspection and behavioural change. Key components include communication, active listening, and respect. Bioethical values and confidentiality must also be present to ensure that the relationship is built on equality and intimacy.
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Orlando S, Mosconi C, De Santo C, Emberti Gialloreti L, Inzerilli MC, Madaro O, Mancinelli S, Ciccacci F, Marazzi MC, Palombi L, Liotta G. The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:11587. [PMID: 34770101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat waves are correlated with increased mortality in the aged population. Social isolation is known as a vulnerability factor. This study aims at evaluating the correlation between an intervention to reduce social isolation and the increase in mortality in the population over 80 during heat waves. METHODS This study adopted a retrospective ecologic design. We compared the excess mortality rate (EMR) in the over-80 population during heat waves in urban areas of Rome (Italy) where a program to reduce social isolation was implemented, to others where it was not implemented. We measured the mortality of the summer periods from 2015 to 2019 compared with 2014 (a year without heat waves). Winter mortality, cadastral income, and the proportion of people over 90 were included in the multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS The EMR in the intervention and controls was 2.70% and 3.81%, respectively. The rate ratio was 0.70 (c.i. 0.54-0.92, p-value 0.01). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of the interventions, with respect to the controls, was 0.76 (c.i. 0.59-0.98). After adjusting for other variables, the IRR was 0.44 (c.i. 0.32-0.60). CONCLUSIONS Reducing social isolation could limit the impact of heat waves on the mortality of the elderly population.
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Allande Cussó R, Siles González J, Ayuso Murillo D, Gómez Salgado J. A new conceptualization of the nurse-patient relationship construct as caring interaction. Nurs Philos 2020; 22:e12335. [PMID: 33090718 DOI: 10.1111/nup.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The journey through the history of nursing, and its philosophical and political influences of the moment, contextualizes the interest that arose about the nurse-patient relationship after World War II. The concept has always been defined as a relationship but, from a phenomenological approach based on a historical, philosophical, psychological and sociological cosmology, it is possible to re-conceptualize it as 'caring interaction'. Under the vision of aesthetics and sociopoetics, the object of nursing care is the most delicate, vulnerable and unrepeatable raw material: the person, whose feelings and reciprocity, which must be considered. In addition, it involves the adoption of the socio-critical paradigm, as it considers the importance of actively involving the person, not just patient anymore, or their family in the nursing cares, optimizing the reciprocity inherent to this interactivity. In short, our philosophical and epistemological approach to the concept of nurse-patient relationship proposes a new conceptualization of it as a caring interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Allande Cussó
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry of the University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Siles González
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Juan Gómez Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.,Safety and Health Postgraduate Program, Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Collip D, Wigman JTW, Lin A, Nelson B, Oorschot M, Vollebergh WAM, Ryan J, Baksheev G, Wichers M, van Os J, Myin-Germeys I, Yung AR. Dynamic association between interpersonal functioning and positive symptom dimensions of psychosis over time: a longitudinal study of healthy adolescents. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:179-85. [PMID: 21930645 PMCID: PMC3523924 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have indicated that alterations in social functioning, particularly interpersonal functioning, are associated with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms and experiences at different levels of the extended psychosis phenotype (ranging from population psychometric expression of liability to overt psychotic disorder). However, more research is needed on the development of this association over time. METHODS Cross-lagged path modeling was used to analyze bidirectional, longitudinal associations between 4 dimensions of subclinical psychotic experiences (persecutory ideation, bizarre experiences, perceptual abnormalities, and magical thinking) and interpersonal functioning in an adolescent general population sample (N = 881 at T1, N = 652 at T2, and N = 512 at T3) assessed 3 times in 3 years. RESULTS All symptom dimensions showed some association with interpersonal functioning over time, but only bizarre experiences and persecutory ideation were consistently and longitudinally associated with interpersonal functioning. Poorer interpersonal functioning predicted higher levels of bizarre experiences and persecutory ideation at later measurement points (both T1 to T2 and T2 to T3). CONCLUSIONS Poor interpersonal functioning in adolescence may reflect the earliest expression of neurodevelopmental alterations preceding expression of psychotic experiences in a symptom-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Collip
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616 (DRT 10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna T. W. Wigman
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands,†These authors share first authorship of this article
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Orygen Youth Health Research Center and Center for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen Youth Health Research Center and Center for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Margreet Oorschot
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616 (DRT 10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma A. M. Vollebergh
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaymee Ryan
- Orygen Youth Health Research Center and Center for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gennedy Baksheev
- Orygen Youth Health Research Center and Center for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616 (DRT 10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616 (DRT 10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616 (DRT 10), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alison R. Yung
- Orygen Youth Health Research Center and Center for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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