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Zhou Y, Xue T, Cheng Y, Wang J, Dong F, Jia S, Zhang F, Wang X, Lv X, Wang H, Yuan K, Yu D. The changes of intrinsic connectivity contrast in young smokers. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13347. [PMID: 38017637 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that reward circuit plays an important role in smoking. The differences of functional and structural connectivity were found among several brain regions such as thalamus and frontal lobe. However, few studies focused on functional connectivity (FC) in whole-brain voxel level of young smokers. In this study, intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC) was used to perform voxel-based whole-brain analyses in 55 young smokers and 55 matched non-smokers to identify brain regions with significant group differences. ICC results showed that the connectivity of young smokers in medial frontal cortex (MedFC), supramarginal gyrus anterior division left (L_aSMG), central opercular cortex left (L_CO) and middle frontal gyrus left (L_MidFG) showed a significantly lower trend compared with the non-smokers. The seed-based FC analysis about MedFC indicated that young smokers showed reduced connectivity between the MedFC and left hippocampus, left amygdala compared to non-smokers. Correlation analysis showed that the ICC of MedFC in young smokers was significantly negatively correlated with Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU). The FC between the MedFC and left hippocampus, left amygdala was significantly negatively correlated with Pack_years. The mediation analysis indicated that ICC of MedFC completely mediated FTND and QSU of young smokers. The results suggest that nicotine accumulation may affect the communication of the frontal lobe with the whole brain to some extent, leading to changes in smoking cravings. The above research also provides in-depth insights into the mechanism of adolescent smoking addiction and related intervention treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongxin Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shaodi Jia
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoqi Lv
- College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongde Wang
- Xilinguole Meng Mongolian General Hospital, Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dahua Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Huang H, Rong B, Chen C, Wan Q, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Wang G, Wang H. Common and Distinct Functional Connectivity of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Depression and Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:997. [PMID: 37508929 PMCID: PMC10377532 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and depression are psychiatric disorders with overlapping clinical and biological features. This study aimed to identify common and distinct neuropathological mechanisms in schizophrenia and depression patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The study included 28 patients with depression (DEP), 29 patients with schizophrenia (SCH), and 30 healthy control subjects (HC). Intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC) was used to identify functional connectivity (FC) changes at the whole-brain level, and significant ICC differences were found in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) across all three groups. Further seed-based FC analysis indicated that compared to the DEP and HC groups, the FC between bilateral OFC and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), right anterior insula, and right middle frontal gyrus were significantly lower in the SCH group. Additionally, the FC between right OFC and left thalamus was decreased in both patient groups compared to the HC group. Correlation analysis showed that the FC between OFC and MPFC was positively correlated with cognitive function in the SCH group. These findings suggest that OFC connectivity plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression and may provide new insights into the potential neural mechanisms underlying these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bei Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qirong Wan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Hubei Institute of Neurology and Psychiatry Research, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhongxiang Hospital of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhongxiang 431900, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
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Kavroulakis E, Simos NJ, Maris TG, Zaganas I, Panagiotakis S, Papadaki E. Evidence of Age-Related Hemodynamic and Functional Connectivity Impairment: A Resting State fMRI Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:633500. [PMID: 33833727 PMCID: PMC8021915 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.633500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess age-related changes in intrinsic functional brain connectivity and hemodynamics during adulthood in the context of the retrogenesis hypothesis, which states that the rate of age-related changes is higher in late-myelinating (prefrontal, lateral-posterior temporal) cerebrocortical areas as compared to early myelinating (parietal, occipital) regions. In addition, to examine the dependence of age-related changes upon concurrent subclinical depression symptoms which are common even in healthy aging. Methods: Sixty-four healthy adults (28 men) aged 23-79 years (mean 45.0, SD = 18.8 years) were examined. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) time series were used to compute voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC) maps reflecting the strength of functional connectivity between each voxel and the rest of the brain. We further used Time Shift Analysis (TSA) to estimate voxel-wise hemodynamic lead or lag for each of 22 ROIs from the automated anatomical atlas (AAL). Results: Adjusted for depression symptoms, gender and education level, reduced ICC with age was found primarily in frontal, temporal regions, and putamen, whereas the opposite trend was noted in inferior occipital cortices (p < 0.002). With the same covariates, increased hemodynamic lead with advancing age was found in superior frontal cortex and thalamus, with the opposite trend in inferior occipital cortex (p < 0.002). There was also evidence of reduced coupling between voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity and hemodynamics in the inferior parietal cortex. Conclusion: Age-related intrinsic connectivity reductions and hemodynamic changes were demonstrated in several regions-most of them part of DMN and salience networks-while impaired neurovascular coupling was, also, found in parietal regions. Age-related reductions in intrinsic connectivity were greater in anterior as compared to posterior cortices, in line with implications derived from the retrogenesis hypothesis. These effects were affected by self-reported depression symptoms, which also increased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kavroulakis
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nicholas J Simos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece.,Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thomas G Maris
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Simeon Panagiotakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Efrosini Papadaki
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece.,Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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Bagarinao E, Watanabe H, Maesawa S, Mori D, Hara K, Kawabata K, Yoneyama N, Ohdake R, Imai K, Masuda M, Yokoi T, Ogura A, Taoka T, Koyama S, Tanabe HC, Katsuno M, Wakabayashi T, Kuzuya M, Hoshiyama M, Isoda H, Naganawa S, Ozaki N, Sobue G. Aging Impacts the Overall Connectivity Strength of Regions Critical for Information Transfer Among Brain Networks. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:592469. [PMID: 33192489 PMCID: PMC7655963 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.592469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that connector hubs, regions considered critical for the flow of information across neural systems, are mostly involved in neurodegenerative dementia. Considering that aging can significantly affect the brain’s intrinsic connectivity, identifying aging’s impact on these regions’ overall connection strength is important to differentiate changes associated with healthy aging from neurodegenerative disorders. Using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a carefully selected cohort of 175 healthy volunteers aging from 21 to 86 years old, we computed an intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC) metric, which quantifies a region’s overall connectivity strength, for whole brain, short-range, and long-range connections and examined age-related changes of this metric over the adult lifespan. We have identified a limited number of hub regions with ICC values that showed significant negative relationship with age. These include the medial precentral/midcingulate gyri and insula with both their short-range and long-range (and thus whole-brain) ICC values negatively associated with age, and the angular, middle frontal, and posterior cingulate gyri with their long-range ICC values mainly involved. Seed-based connectivity analyses further confirmed that these regions are connector hubs with connectivity profile that strongly overlapped with multiple large-scale brain networks. General cognitive performance was not associated with these hubs’ ICC values. These findings suggest that even healthy aging could negatively impact the efficiency of regions critical for facilitating information transfer among different functional brain networks. The extent of the regions involved, however, was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maesawa
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hara
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kawabata
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yoneyama
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reiko Ohdake
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michihito Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yokoi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Ogura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taoka
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Koyama
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Wakabayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Minoru Hoshiyama
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruo Isoda
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Konstantinou N, Pettemeridou E, Stamatakis EA, Seimenis I, Constantinidou F. Altered Resting Functional Connectivity Is Related to Cognitive Outcome in Males With Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1163. [PMID: 30687219 PMCID: PMC6335280 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TBI results in significant cognitive impairments and in altered brain functional connectivity. However, no studies explored so far, the relationship between global functional connectivity and cognitive outcome in chronic moderate-severe TBI. This proof of principle study employed the intrinsic connectivity contrast, an objective voxel-based metric of global functional connectivity, in a small sample of chronic moderate-severe TBI participants and a group of healthy controls matched on gender (males), age, and education. Cognitive tests assessing executive functions, verbal memory, visual memory, attention/organization, and cognitive reserve were administered. Group differences in terms of global functional connectivity maps were assessed and the association between performance on the cognitive measures and global functional connectivity was examined. Next, we investigated the spatial extent of functional connectivity in the brain regions found to be associated with cognitive performance, using traditional seed-based analyses. Global functional connectivity of the TBI group was altered, compared to the controls. Moreover, the strength of global functional connectivity in affected brain areas was associated with cognitive outcome. These findings indicate that impaired global functional connectivity is a significant consequence of TBI suggesting that cognitive impairments following TBI may be partly attributed to altered functional connectivity between brain areas involved in the specific cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Konstantinou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Eva Pettemeridou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Seimenis
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Fofi Constantinidou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Zhou F, Zimmermann K, Xin F, Scheele D, Dau W, Banger M, Weber B, Hurlemann R, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Shifted balance of dorsal versus ventral striatal communication with frontal reward and regulatory regions in cannabis-dependent males. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5062-5073. [PMID: 30277629 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from voluntary to addictive behavior is characterized by a loss of regulatory control in favor of reward driven behavior. Animal models indicate that this process is neurally underpinned by a shift in ventral-dorsal striatal control of behavior; however, this shift has not been directly examined in humans. The present resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study employed a two-step approach to: (a) precisely map striatal alterations using a novel, data-driven network classification strategy combining intrinsic connectivity contrast with multivoxel pattern analysis and, (b) to determine whether a ventral to dorsal striatal shift in connectivity with reward and regulatory control regions can be observed in abstinent (28 days) male cannabis-dependent individuals (n = 24) relative to matched controls (n = 28). Network classification revealed that the groups can be reliably discriminated by global connectivity profiles of two striatal regions that mapped onto the ventral (nucleus accumbens) and dorsal striatum (caudate). Subsequent functional connectivity analysis demonstrated a relative shift between ventral and dorsal striatal communication with fronto-limbic regions that have been consistently involved in reward processing (rostral anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]) and executive/regulatory functions (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex [PFC]). Specifically, in the cannabis-dependent subjects, connectivity between the ventral striatum with the rostral ACC increased, whereas both striatal regions were uncoupled from the regulatory dorsomedial PFC. Together, these findings suggest a shift in the balance between dorsal and ventral striatal control in cannabis dependence. Similar changes have been observed in animal models and may promote the loss of control central to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaeli Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fei Xin
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dirk Scheele
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dau
- Department of Addiction and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Banger
- Department of Addiction and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurocognition, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - René Hurlemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Vatansever D, Manktelow AE, Sahakian BJ, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. Angular default mode network connectivity across working memory load. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:41-52. [PMID: 27489137 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially identified during no-task, baseline conditions, it has now been suggested that the default mode network (DMN) engages during a variety of working memory paradigms through its flexible interactions with other large-scale brain networks. Nevertheless, its contribution to whole-brain connectivity dynamics across increasing working memory load has not been explicitly assessed. The aim of our study was to determine which DMN hubs relate to working memory task performance during an fMRI-based n-back paradigm with parametric increases in difficulty. Using a voxel-wise metric, termed the intrinsic connectivity contrast (ICC), we found that the bilateral angular gyri (core DMN hubs) displayed the greatest change in global connectivity across three levels of n-back task load. Subsequent seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed that the angular DMN regions robustly interact with other large-scale brain networks, suggesting a potential involvement in the global integration of information. Further support for this hypothesis comes from the significant correlations we found between angular gyri connectivity and reaction times to correct responses. The implication from our study is that the DMN is actively involved during the n-back task and thus plays an important role related to working memory, with its core angular regions contributing to the changes in global brain connectivity in response to increasing environmental demands. Hum Brain Mapp 38:41-52, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vatansever
- Division of Anaesthesia and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A E Manktelow
- Division of Anaesthesia and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - B J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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