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Liu Z, Zhang J, Wang S, Geng F, Zhang Q, Cheng J, Chen M, Xu Q. Ultrafast Process Characterization of Laser-Induced Damage in Fused Silica Using Pump-Probe Shadow Imaging Techniques. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:837. [PMID: 38399088 PMCID: PMC10890167 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate dynamics of laser-induced damage in fused silica using a time-resolved pump-probe (TRPP) shadowgraph. Three typical ultra-fast processes, laser-induced plasma evolution, shockwave propagation and material fracture splashing, were quantitatively investigated. The results indicate that the diameter of plasma is proportional to the pulse laser energy and increases linearly during the pulse laser duration with an expansion rate of approximately 6 km/s. The maximum shockwave velocity on the air side is 9 km/s, occurring at the end of the pulse duration, and then rapidly decreases due to air resistance, reaching approximately 1 km/s around a 300 ns delay. After hundreds of nanoseconds, there is a distinct particle splashing phenomenon, with the splashing particle speed distribution ranging from 0.15 km/s to 2.0 km/s. The particle sizes of the splashing particles range from 4 μm to 15 μm. Additionally, the smaller the delay, the faster the speed of the splashing particles. Overall, TRPP technology provides crucial insights into the temporal evolution of laser-induced damage in fused silica, contributing to a comprehensive understanding essential for optimizing the performance and safety of laser systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Shengfei Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Feng Geng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jian Cheng
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (J.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Mingjun Chen
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (J.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Qiao Xu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (F.G.); (Q.Z.)
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Peng G, Gao Q, Dong Z, Liang L, Chen J, Zhu C, Zhang P, Lu L. Surface Cleanliness Maintenance with Laminar Flow Based on the Characteristics of Laser-Induced Sputtering Particles in High-Power Laser Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:598. [PMID: 36985007 PMCID: PMC10051549 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In high-power laser systems, the primary cause of contamination of optical components and degradation of spatial cleanliness is laser-induced sputtering of particles. To mitigate this problem, laminar flow is frequently utilized to control the direction and transport of these particles. This study characterizes the properties of laser-induced sputtering particles, including their flying trend, diameter range, and velocity distribution at varying time intervals. A time-resolved imaging method was employed to damage the rear surface of fused silica using a 355 nm Nd: YAG pump laser. The efficacy of laminar flow in controlling these particles was then assessed, with a particular focus on the influence of laminar flow direction, laminar flow velocity, particle flight height, and particle diameter. Our results indicate that the optimal laminar flow velocity for preventing particle invasion is highly dependent on the maximum particle attenuation distance (or safety distance), which can vary by up to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, a laminar flow velocity of 0.5 m/s can effectively prevent particle sedimentation. Future research will aim to optimize laminar flow systems based on these findings to achieve high surface cleanliness in high-power laser systems with minimal energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Peng
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lingxi Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lihua Lu
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
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Ling X, Chen X, Liu X. Revisiting Defect-Induced Light Field Enhancement in Optical Thin Films. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:911. [PMID: 35744525 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on a finite-difference time-domain method, we revisited the light field intensification in optical films due to defects with different geometries. It was found that defect can induce the local light intensification in optical films and the spherical defects resulted in the highest light intensification among the defect types investigated. Light intensification can increase with defect diameter and the relative refractive index between the defect and the film layer. The shallow defects tended to have the highest light intensification. Finally, the extinction coefficient of the defect had a significant effect on light intensification. Our investigations revealed that the light field intensification induced by a nano-defect is mainly attributed to the interference enhancement of incident light and diffracted or reflected light by defects when the size of the defect is in the subwavelength range.
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Zhu MD, Shan C, Li C, Wang H, Qi HJ, Zhang DP, Lv WZ. Thermochromic and Femtosecond- Laser-Induced Damage Performance of Tungsten-Doped Vanadium Dioxide Films Prepared Using an Alloy Target. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1724. [PMID: 30223453 PMCID: PMC6164510 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thermochromic tungsten-doped VO₂ thin films were successfully fabricated using a W-V alloy target. X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the W-doped VO₂ film had a preferred orientation of (011), and that the doping did not degrade the film crystallinity compared with that of the pure film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed that the doped 0.81 atom% tungsten replaced vanadium in the lattice of the film. The metal⁻insulator transition temperature of the W-doped VO₂ film was reduced to 35.5 °C, which is close to room temperature. Additionally, the infrared transmittance modulation of the W-doped film at λ = 2500 nm reached 56%, indicating an excellent switching efficiency. The damage behavior of the W-doped VO₂ film under a femtosecond-laser irradiation was experimentally investigated. Our results revealed that defect-related damages induced by the femtosecond laser are relevant for W-doped VO₂ films. This study provides valuable insights into VO₂ films for potential applications in laser protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chong Shan
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Hong-Ji Qi
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Film and Applications, College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Wei Zhong Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Nomura W, Kawazoe T, Yatsui T, Naruse M, Ohtsu M. Observation and analysis of structural changes in fused silica by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having an energy density below the laser-induced damage threshold. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014; 5:1334-1340. [PMID: 25247116 PMCID: PMC4168768 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) is widely used as an index for evaluating an optical component's resistance to laser light. However, a degradation in the performance of an optical component is also caused by continuous irradiation with laser light having an energy density below the LIDT. Therefore, here we focused on the degradation in performance of an optical component caused by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having a low energy density, i.e., laser-induced degradation. We performed an in situ observation and analysis of an increase in scattering light intensity in fused silica substrates. In experiments conducted using a pulsed laser with a wavelength of 800 nm, a pulse width of 160 fs and pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz, we found that the scattered light intensity increased starting from a specific accumulated fluence, namely, that the laser-induced degradation had a threshold. We evaluated the threshold fluence F t as 6.27 J/cm(2) and 9.21 J/cm(2) for the fused silica substrates with surface roughnesses of 0.20 nm and 0.13 nm in R a value, respectively, showing that the threshold decreased as the surface roughness increased. In addition, we found that the reflected light spectrum changed as degradation proceeded. We analyzed the details of the degradation by measuring instantaneous reflectance changes with a pump-probe method; we observed an increase in the generation probability of photogenerated carriers in a degraded silica substrate and a damaged silica substrate and observed a Raman signal originating from a specific molecular structure of silica. From these findings, we concluded that compositional changes in the molecular structure occurred during degradation due to femtosecond laser irradiation having an energy density below the LIDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, and The Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Tadashi Kawazoe
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, and The Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takashi Yatsui
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, and The Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Makoto Naruse
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Motoichi Ohtsu
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, and The Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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Kim C, Park H, Lee H. Comparison of laser-induced damage with forward-firing and diffusing optical fiber during laser-assisted lipoplasty. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:437-49. [PMID: 23852719 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Laser-assisted lipoplasty is made possible by using an optical fiber that delivers light endoscopically to subcutaneous fat tissue. Most optical fibers for laser-assisted lipoplasty are designed to be irradiated in a forward direction. In this study, we compared forward-firing fiber and diffusing fiber for use in laser-assisted lipoplasty. The effective parameters of the ablation pattern which resulted from the laser-induced damage are discussed for both systems. In particular, we note the effect resulting from the different beam emission patterns and the contours of laser fluence. METHODS We used two different laser delivery systems (a forward-firing fiber and a diffusing fiber) to examine how the beam emission pattern affects the laser-assisted coagulation and damage pattern of in vitro fat tissues. A porcine liver tissue (water-rich tissue) was used as a secondary laser target to investigate how the laser-assisted coagulation pattern depends on both the type of tissue (water-rich and lipid-rich tissue) as well as the delivery system. An evaluation using a digital camera and a thermal camera was conducted for the tissue ablation processes in order to observe the generated heat transfer in fat and liver. RESULTS The overall shape of the laser-assisted coagulation zone was different from the beam emission pattern in the case where a forward-firing fiber was used within fat tissue. The center of the laser-affected zone is characterized by the formation of a reservoir of melted fat. In the thermal image analysis, there existed a discrepancy between the temperature distribution of the fat tissue and the liver tissue during the forward-firing fiber irradiation. In the liver tissue ablation process, the temperature distribution during the laser ablation also demonstrated an elongated ellipse that matches well with the laser-induced damage zone. The temperature distribution in fat tissue adhered to a more discoid pattern that corresponded to the laser-induced damage zone. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we have proposed mechanisms that can explain the laser-induced damage in both tissues when a forward firing fiber is employed as the delivery system. In the case of fat tissue, the ablation mechanism can be characterized by the reservoir formation of melted lipids while the ablation is characterized as the well-known drilling effect for liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Karpiouk AB, Aglyamov SR, Bourgeois F, Ben-Yakar A, Emelianov SY. Quantitative ultrasound method to detect and monitor laser-induced cavitation bubbles. J Biomed Opt 2008; 13:034011. [PMID: 18601556 PMCID: PMC2562569 DOI: 10.1117/1.2937478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasound technique to measure the spatial and temporal behavior of the laser-induced cavitation bubble is introduced. The cavitation bubbles were formed in water and in gels using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. A focused, single-element, 25-MHz ultrasound transducer was employed both to detect the acoustic emission generated by plasma expansion and to acoustically probe the bubble at different stages of its evolution. The arrival time of the passive acoustic emission was used to estimate the location of the cavitation bubble's origin and the time of flight of the ultrasound pulse-echo signal was used to define its spatial extent. The results of ultrasound estimations of the bubble size were compared and found to be in agreement with both the direct optical measurements of the stationary bubble and the theoretical estimates of bubble dynamics derived from the well-known Rayleigh model of a cavity collapse. The results of this study indicate that the proposed quantitative ultrasound technique, capable of detecting and accurately measuring laser-induced cavitation bubbles in water and in a tissue-like medium, could be used in various biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei B Karpiouk
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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