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Abstract
Airborne particles play a significant role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. A previous study reported that institutional flush-O-meter (FOM) toilets can generate 3-12 times as many droplets as other toilets by splashing (large droplets) and bubble bursting (fine droplets). In this study, an aerosol suppression lid was evaluated to measure the reduction of particles by size using three metrics; number, surface area, and mass concentrations. To quantify toilet flush aerosol over time, detailed particle size distributions (from 0.016-19.81 µm across 152 size bins) were measured from a FOM toilet in a controlled-environment test chamber, without ventilation, with and without use of the suppression lid. Prior to each flushing trial, the toilet bowl water was seeded with 480 mL fluorescein at 10 mg/mL. A high-speed camera was used to record the large droplet movements after flushing. An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer was used to analyze the wipe samples to evaluate the contamination on the lid. The particle number, surface area, and mass concentrations without a lid were elevated compared to a lid in the first 90 sec. Overall, the lid reduced 48% of total number concentration, 76% of total surface area concentration, and 66% of total mass concentration, respectively. Depending on the particle size, the number concentration reduction percentage ranged from 48-100% for particles larger than 0.1 µm. Large droplets created by splashing were captured by the high-speed camera. Similar studies can be used for future particle aerodynamic studies. The fluorescein droplets deposited on the lid back sections, which were closer to the FOM accounted for 82% of the total fluorescein. Based on two-way ANOVA analysis, there were significant differences among both the experimental flushes (p = 0.0185) and the sections on the lid (p = 0.0146). Future work should explore the aerosolization produced by flushing and the performance of the lid in real restroom environments, where feces and urine exist in the bowl water and the indoor ventilation system is in operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Thomas H Connor
- Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Retired), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yingtao Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Gallogly College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Evan L Floyd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Woo T, Li C, Ganesananthan S, Rajendram R, Uddin J, Lee RWJ, Dayan C, Taylor P. The Effect of Ophthalmic Surgery for Graves' Orbitopathy on Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2022; 32:177-187. [PMID: 34877883 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) has a profound negative impact on quality of life. Surgery is undertaken to preserve vision, correct diplopia, and improve aesthetics. We sought to quantify the effect of different surgical approaches on quality of life. Methods: Electronic databases Ovid-MEDLINE and EMBASE were used from inception until March 22, 2021, to identify studies assessing quality of life pre- and postsurgical intervention for GO. Two reviewers independently extracted data and performed quality assessments. Random-effects and Bayesian models for meta-analyses were utilized. Results: Ten articles comprising 632 patients with a mean age of 48.4 years (range 16-85 years) were included. All used the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QOL) questionnaire. For GO-QOL appearance, the pooled standardized mean improvement for patients after surgery was +0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI 0.50-0.94]), I2 = 69% [CI 52-80%]. For GO-QOL visual functioning, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for patients after surgery was +0.41 [CI 0.25-0.58], I2 = 60% [CI 36-74%]. For visual appearance, orbital decompression yielded the greatest improvement (SMD +0.84 [CI 0.54-1.13]) followed by eyelid surgery (SMD +0.38 [CI 0.05-0.70]), while strabismus correction had no significant effect (SMD +0.94 [CI -0.10 to 1.99]). Conversely strabismus correction was associated with the greatest improvement (SMD +1.25 [CI 0.29-2.21]) in visual functioning, outperforming orbital decompression (SMD +0.29 [CI 0.15-0.43]) and eyelid surgery (SMD +0.12 [CI -0.18 to 0.41]). A mean improvement in GO-QOL of greater than 10 points after orbital decompression surgery was achieved in 12/14 (86%) patient groups for appearance and 5/14 (36%) patient groups for visual functioning. A mean improvement of greater than 6 points was achieved in 5 of 6 (83%) patient groups for strabismus surgery for both appearance and visual functioning. A mean improvement of greater than 6 points after eyelid surgery was achieved in 2/3 (67%) patient groups and 0/3 patient groups for visual appearance and functioning, respectively. Conclusion: Ophthalmic surgery results in substantial improvements in quality of life in patients with GO, with greater perceived effects on appearance than visual function. Orbital decompression has particular impact on visual appearance; strabismus surgery may benefit both visual appearance and function equally, whereas eyelid surgery benefits appearance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Woo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - ChunHei Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rathie Rajendram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy Uddin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Mandal SK, Maitra A, Ganguly P, Agarwal SS. Surgical outcomes of Tenzel rotational flap in upper and lower lid reconstruction without repair of posterior lamella: A modified approach. Rom J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:354-361. [PMID: 35087976 PMCID: PMC8764431 DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2021.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of Tenzel rotational flap in upper and lower lid reconstruction in malignant tumors, to determine the anatomical alignment, functional, and cosmetic outcome after lid reconstruction and recurrence of the tumor and to observe the canthal and fornix status. Methods: Prospective, non-comparative,interventional clinical study of 30 patients over a period of 18 months. The study was conducted with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Evaluation parameters were LPS (Levator palpebrae superioris) action Pre and post operative, MRD-1 (Margin Reflex Distance-1) values pre and post operative, central vertical palpebral fissure height (PFH) pre and post operative,and the calculation of the created defect express in percentage preoperatively. None of the case posterior lamina was repaired. It formed or strengthened automatically. Results: The diagnosis of Sebaceous cell carcinoma was 14/30 by FNAC and 17/30 by histopathology. The mean MRD-1 pre-operatively was -1.09 ± 1.54 mm to 4.02 ± 0.36 mm postoperatively in the upper lid. The mean LPS action pre-operatively was 4.35 ± 0.96 mm to 12.42 ± 1.24 mm postoperatively in the upper lid tumor. The mean pre-operative central palpebral aperture was 4.76 ± 0.88 mm and post-operative central palpebral aperture was 10.47 ± 0.88 mm in the upper lid tumor. The mean incision length was 8.16 ± 0.61 mm in upper lid and 9.27 ± 0.87 mm in lower lid Tenzel reconstruction respectively. In all the cases, posterior lamella grew normally. In addition, no strengthening procedure was required. Conclusion: This reconstructive procedure was useful to repair 40%-60% of the upper lid and 40%-70% created a defect in the lower eyelid after the removal of the malignant tumor. Histopathological diagnosis of the specimen was more accurate than FNAC. No repair of posterior lamella was made. No extra surgical procedure was needed. Thus, the surgical procedure time was markedly reduced. After the surgery, all the patients presented a good uplift of the upper lid, good closure of the eyelids, and were visually and functionally well rehabilitated. The aesthetic appearance was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Kumar Mandal
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College and Hospital Calcutta, India
| | - Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College and Hospital Calcutta, India
| | - Purban Ganguly
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College and Hospital Calcutta, India
| | - Stuti Somani Agarwal
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College and Hospital Calcutta, India
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Elbaklish KH, Saleh SM, Gomaa WA. Lamellar Tarsectomy Procedure In Major Trichiasis Of The Upper Lid. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:2251-2259. [PMID: 31819349 PMCID: PMC6877448 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Evaluation of failure rate and outcomes between skin and muscle surgery and lamellar tarsectomy procedure in major trichiasis of the upper lid. Design Quasi-randomized clinical study. Methods and subjects One hundred individuals with major trichiasis of the upper lid were enrolled and assigned to either skin and muscle surgery (group A) or a lamellar tarsectomy procedure (group B). Participants were examined at 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure (failure rate) was the percentage of participants having five or more eyelashes touching the globe or having surgery performed at any follow-up time in both groups. The secondary outcomes included failure time and changes in both visual acuity and corneal opacity. Results Risk failure over 6 months was 40% in group A and 10% in group B. Absolute risk reduction was 30% (95% CI=14.08–45.92%). Cumulative risk failure over 12 months was 20% in group A and 0.00% in group B after the second intervention. Absolute risk reduction was 20% (95% CI=8.58–31.42%). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 3.3 patients (95% CI=2.2–7.1). The mean number of rubbing lashes was greater in the skin and muscle group than in the lamellar tarsectomy group for 6 and 12 month examinations (0.002, 0.005). The change in visual acuity between the two groups was not significant. Recurrent trichiasis was noticed earlier, 6 weeks after surgery, in the skin and muscle group participants, and later, 3 months after surgery, in the lamellar tarsectomy group participants. Conclusion The lamellar tarsectomy procedure is a good choice for management of major trichiasis of the upper lid. The subjective symptoms and lid margin conjunctivalization were improved in lamellar tarsectomy participants. Absence of new corneal opacity or a change in existing corneal opacification was noticed at the 12 months follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safaa M Saleh
- Ophthalmology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael Adel Gomaa
- Ophthalmology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lan D, Wang Q, Popowicz GM, Yang B, Tang Q, Wang Y. The Role of Residues 103, 104, and 278 in the Activity of SMG1 Lipase from Malassezia globosa: A Site-Directed Mutagenesis Study. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 25:1827-34. [PMID: 26239010 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1506.06079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The SMG1 lipase from Malassezia globosa is a newly found mono- and diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase that has a unique lid in the loop conformation that differs from the common alpha-helix lid. In the present study, we characterized the contribution of three residues, L103 and F104 in the lid and F278 in the rim of the binding site groove, on the function of SMG1 lipase. Sitedirected mutagenesis was conducted at these sites, and each of the mutants was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized for their activity toward DAG and pnitrophenol (pNP) ester. Compared with wild-type SMG1, F278A retained approximately 78% of its activity toward DAG, but only 11% activity toward pNP octanoate (pNP-C8). L103G increased its activity on pNP-C8 by approximately 2-fold, whereas F104G showed an approximate 40% decrease in pNP-C8 activity, and they both showed decreased activity on the DAG emulsion. The deletion of 103-104 retained approximately 30% of its activity toward the DAG emulsion, with an almost complete loss of pNP-C8 activity. The deletion of 103-104 showed a weaker penetration ability to a soybean phosphocholine monolayer than wild-type SMG1. Based on the modulation of the specificity and activity observed, a pNP-C8 binding model for the ester (pNP-C8, N102, and F278 form a flexible bridge) and a specific lipidanchoring mechanism for DAG (L103 and F104 serve as "anchors" to the lipid interface) were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Lan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qingyun Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P.R. China
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Guo S, Popowicz GM, Li D, Yuan D, Wang Y. Lid mobility in lipase SMG1 validated using a thiol/disulfide redox potential probe. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:477-83. [PMID: 27419053 PMCID: PMC4856426 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lipases possess a lid domain above the catalytic site that is responsible for their activation. Lipase SMG1 from Malassezia globose CBS 7966 (Malassezia globosa LIP1), is a mono‐ and diacylglycerol lipase with an atypical loop‐like lid domain. Activation of SMG1 was proposed to be solely through a gating mechanism involving two residues (F278 and N102). However, through disulfide bond cross‐linking of the lid, this study shows that full activation also requires mobility of the lid domain, contrary to a previous proposal. The newly introduced disulfide bond makes lipase SMG1 eligible as a ratiometric thiol/disulfide redox potential probe, when it is coupled with chromogenic substrates. This redox‐switch lipase could also be of potential use in cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Guo
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Daoming Li
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Dongjuan Yuan
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Zhang X, Sullivan E, Scimeca M, Wu X, Li YM, Sisodia SS. Evidence That the " Lid" Domain of Nicastrin Is Not Essential for Regulating γ-Secretase Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6748-53. [PMID: 26887941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c115.701649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the structure of the γ-secretase complex consisting of presenilin (PS), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH-1), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2) is of significant therapeutic interest for the design of γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer disease. The structure of γ-secretase revealed by cryo-EM approaches suggested a substrate binding mechanism for NCT, a bilobar structure that involved rotation of the two lobes around a central pivot and opening of a "lid" region that facilitates substrate recruitment. To validate this proposal, we expressed NCT that lacks the lid entirely, or a variety of NCT variants that harbor mutations at highly conserved residues in the lid region inNCT-deficient cells, and then assessed their impact on γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability. In addition, we assessed the impact of mutating a critical residue proposed to be a pivot around which the two lobes of NCT rotate. Our results show that neither the mutations on the lid tested here nor the entire lid deletion has any significant impact on γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability, and that NCT with the mutation of the proposed pivot rescues γ-secretase activity inNCT-deficient cells in a manner indistinguishable from WT NCT. These findings indicate that the NCT lid is not an essential element necessary for γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability, and that rotation of the two lobes appears not to be a prerequisite for substrate binding and γ-secretase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhang
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Eric Sullivan
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Maggie Scimeca
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
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Yu Z, Livnat-Levanon N, Kleifeld O, Mansour W, Nakasone MA, Castaneda CA, Dixon EK, Fushman D, Reis N, Pick E, Glickman MH. Base-CP proteasome can serve as a platform for stepwise lid formation. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00194. [PMID: 26182356 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20140173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
26S proteasome, a major regulatory protease in eukaryotes, consists of a 20S proteolytic core particle (CP) capped by a 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 19S RP is divisible into base and lid sub-complexes. Even within the lid, subunits have been demarcated into two modules: module 1 (Rpn5, Rpn6, Rpn8, Rpn9 and Rpn11), which interacts with both CP and base sub-complexes and module 2 (Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpn12 and Rpn15) that is attached mainly to module 1. We now show that suppression of RPN11 expression halted lid assembly yet enabled the base and 20S CP to pre-assemble and form a base-CP. A key role for Regulatory particle non-ATPase 11 (Rpn11) in bridging lid module 1 and module 2 subunits together is inferred from observing defective proteasomes in rpn11–m1, a mutant expressing a truncated form of Rpn11 and displaying mitochondrial phenotypes. An incomplete lid made up of five module 1 subunits attached to base-CP was identified in proteasomes isolated from this mutant. Re-introducing the C-terminal portion of Rpn11 enabled recruitment of missing module 2 subunits. In vitro, module 1 was reconstituted stepwise, initiated by Rpn11–Rpn8 heterodimerization. Upon recruitment of Rpn6, the module 1 intermediate was competent to lock into base-CP and reconstitute an incomplete 26S proteasome. Thus, base-CP can serve as a platform for gradual incorporation of lid, along a proteasome assembly pathway. Identification of proteasome intermediates and reconstitution of minimal functional units should clarify aspects of the inner workings of this machine and how multiple catalytic processes are synchronized within the 26S proteasome holoenzymes. Defective proteasome 19S regulatory particles (RPs) were identified in rpn11f–m1, a proteasomal mutant with mitochondrial phenotypes. The Rpn11 subunit initiates assembly of a five-subunit lid module competent to integrate into pre-assembled base-20S core particle (CP), with subsequent recruitment of remaining lid subunits.
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Daneault JF, Carignan B, Sadikot AF, Panisset M, Duval C. Drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Should success in clinical management be a function of improvement of motor repertoire rather than amplitude of dyskinesia? BMC Med 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 23514355 PMCID: PMC3751666 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyskinesia, a major complication in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), can require prolonged monitoring and complex medical management. DISCUSSION The current paper proposes a new way to view the management of dyskinesia in an integrated fashion. We suggest that dyskinesia be considered as a factor in a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equation where the signal is the voluntary movement and the noise is PD symptomatology, including dyskinesia. The goal of clinicians should be to ensure a high SNR in order to maintain or enhance the motor repertoire of patients. To understand why such an approach would be beneficial, we first review mechanisms of dyskinesia, as well as their impact on the quality of life of patients and on the health-care system. Theoretical and practical bases for the SNR approach are then discussed. SUMMARY Clinicians should not only consider the level of motor symptomatology when assessing the efficacy of their treatment strategy, but also breadth of the motor repertoire available to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Daneault
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Berton O, Guigoni C, Li Q, Bioulac BH, Aubert I, Gross CE, DiLeone RJ, Nestler EJ, Bezard E. Striatal overexpression of DeltaJunD resets L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a primate model of Parkinson disease. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:554-61. [PMID: 19481198 PMCID: PMC2825375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). The transcription factor DeltaFosB accumulates in the denervated striatum and dimerizes primarily with JunD upon repeated L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) administration. Previous studies in rodents have shown that striatal DeltaFosB levels accurately predict dyskinesia severity and indicate that this transcription factor may play a causal role in the dyskinesia sensitization process. METHODS We asked whether the correlation previously established in rodents extends to the best nonhuman primate model of PD, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned macaque. We used western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare DeltaFosB protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels across two subpopulations of macaques with differential dyskinesia severity. Second, we tested the causal implication of DeltaFosB in this primate model. Serotype 2 adeno-associated virus (AAV2) vectors were used to overexpress, within the motor striatum, either DeltaFosB or DeltaJunD, a truncated variant of JunD lacking a transactivation domain and therefore acting as a dominant negative inhibitor of DeltaFosB. RESULTS A linear relationship was observed between endogenous striatal levels of DeltaFosB and the severity of dyskinesia in Parkinsonian macaques treated with L-DOPA. Viral overexpression of DeltaFosB did not alter dyskinesia severity in animals previously rendered dyskinetic, whereas the overexpression of DeltaJunD dramatically dropped the severity of this side effect of L-DOPA without altering the antiparkinsonian activity of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a mechanism of dyskinesia induction and maintenance by L-DOPA and validate a strategy, with strong translational potential, to deprime the L-DOPA-treated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3403, USA.
| | - Céline Guigoni
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France
| | - Qin Li
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard H. Bioulac
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France
| | - Incarnation Aubert
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian E. Gross
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ralph J. DiLeone
- Dept. Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Dept. Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Dept. Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Fishberg Dept of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France, Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Brocca S, Secundo F, Ossola M, Alberghina L, Carrea G, Lotti M. Sequence of the lid affects activity and specificity of Candida rugosa lipase isoenzymes. Protein Sci 2003; 12:2312-9. [PMID: 14500889 PMCID: PMC2366935 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0304003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2003] [Revised: 07/12/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Candida rugosa produces multiple lipase isoenzymes (CRLs) with distinct differences in substrate specificity, in particular with regard to selectivity toward the fatty acyl chain length. Moreover, isoform CRL3 displays high activity towards cholesterol esters. Lipase isoenzymes share over 80% sequence identity but diverge in the sequence of the lid, a mobile loop that modulates access to the active site. In the active enzyme conformation, the open lid participates in the substrate-binding site and contributes to substrate recognition. To address the role of the lid in CRL activity and specificity, we substituted the lid sequences from isoenzymes CRL3 and CRL4 in recombinant rCRL1, thus obtaining enzymes differing only in this stretch of residues. Swapping the CRL3 lid was sufficient to confer to CRL1 cholesterol esterase activity. On the other hand, a specific shift in the chain-length specificity was not observed. Chimeric proteins displayed different sensitivity to detergents in the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Brocca
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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