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Li Z, Xu B, Tao T, Li F, Zhang G, Wang Y. Coupling of Electric and Flow Fields to Enhance Ion Transport for Energy-Efficient Electrochemical Tap-Water Softening. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38573006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical-induced precipitation is a sustainable approach for tap-water softening, but the hardness removal performance and energy efficiency are vastly limited by the ultraslow ion transport and the superlow local HCO3-/Ca2+ ratio compared to the industrial scenarios. To tackle the challenges, we herein report an energy-efficient electrochemical tap-water softening strategy by utilizing an integrated cathode-anode-cathode (CAC) reactor in which the direction of the electric field is reversed to that of the flow field in the upstream cell, while the same in the downstream cell. As a result, the transport of ions, especially HCO3-, is significantly accelerated in the downstream cell under a flow field. The local HCO3-/Ca2+ ratio is increased by 1.5 times, as revealed by the finite element numerical simulation and in situ imaging. In addition, a continuous flow electrochemical system with an integrated CAC reactor is operated for 240 h to soften tap water. Experiments show that a much lower cell voltage (9.24 V decreased) and energy consumption (28% decreased) are obtained. The proposed ion-transport enhancement strategy by coupled electric and flow fields provides a new perspective on developing electrochemical technologies to meet the flexible and economic demand for tap-water softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse (Tongji University), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bincheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse (Tongji University), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse (Tongji University), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse (Tongji University), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse (Tongji University), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Bai J, Wang W, Liu J. Bioinspired Hydrophobicity for Enhancing Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302461. [PMID: 37702459 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2 R) is a promising pathway for converting greenhouse gasses into valuable fuels and chemicals using intermittent renewable energy. Enormous efforts have been invested in developing and designing CO2 R electrocatalysts suitable for industrial applications at accelerated reaction rates. The microenvironment, specifically the local CO2 concentration (local [CO2 ]) as well as the water and ion transport at the CO2 -electrolyte-catalyst interface, also significantly impacts the current density, Faradaic efficiency (FE), and operation stability. In nature, hydrophobic surfaces of aquatic arachnids trap appreciable amounts of gases due to the "plastron effect", which could inspire the reliable design of CO2 R catalysts and devices to enrich gaseous CO2 . In this review, starting from the wettability modulation, we summarize CO2 enrichment strategies to enhance CO2 R. To begin, superwettability systems in nature and their inspiration for concentrating CO2 in CO2 R are described and discussed. Moreover, other CO2 enrichment strategies, compatible with the hydrophobicity modulation, are explored from the perspectives of catalysts, electrolytes, and electrolyzers, respectively. Finally, a perspective on the future development of CO2 enrichment strategies is provided. We envision that this review could provide new guidance for further developments of CO2 R toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Bai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuo Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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Dorel R, Wong AR, Crawford JJ. Trust Your Gut: Strategies and Tactics for Intestinally Restricted Drugs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:233-243. [PMID: 36923921 PMCID: PMC10009798 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-absorbable small-molecule drugs targeted to the gut represent an alternative approach to safe, non-systemic therapeutics. Such drugs remain confined to the gastrointestinal tract upon oral dosing by virtue of their limited passive permeability, increasing the local concentration at the site of action while minimizing exposure elsewhere in the body. Herein we review the latest advances in the field of gut-restricted therapeutics, highlighting the different strategies and tactics that medicinal chemists have employed in pursuit of drugs with minimal intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dorel
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alice R. Wong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Matsumoto KI, Ueno M, Shoji Y, Nakanishi I. Estimation of the Local Concentration of the Markedly Dense Hydroxyl Radical Generation Induced by X-rays in Water. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030592. [PMID: 35163857 PMCID: PMC8840408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The linear-density (number of molecules on an arbitrary distance) of X-ray-induced markedly dense hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in water was estimated based on EPR spin-trapping measurement. A lower (0.13 mM-2.3 M) concentration series of DMPO water solutions and higher (1.7-6.0 M) concentration series of DMPO water solutions plus neat DMPO liquid (8.8 M as DMPO) were irradiated with 32 Gy of X-rays. Then, the yield of DMPO-OH in DMPO water solutions and the total spin-adduct of DMPO in neat DMPO were quantified. For the higher concentration DMPO series, the EPR peak area was estimated by double integration, and the baseline correction of the integral spectrum is necessary for accurate estimation of the peak area. The preparation of a suitable standard sample corresponding to the electric permittivity according to DMPO concentration was quite important for quantification of DMPO-OH, especially in DMPO concentration beyond 2 M. The linear-density of •OH generation in water by X-ray irradiation was estimated from the inflection point on the plot of the DMPO-OH yield versus DMPO linear-density. The linear-density of X-ray-induced markedly dense •OH was estimated as 1168 μm-1, which was converted to 0.86 nm as the intermolecular distance and 2.6 M as the local concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-206-3123
| | - Megumi Ueno
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshimi Shoji
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.S.)
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8555, Chiba, Japan;
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Farahi N, Lazar T, Wodak SJ, Tompa P, Pancsa R. Integration of Data from Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Databases Highlights Concentration and Dosage Sensitivity of LLPS Drivers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063017. [PMID: 33809541 PMCID: PMC8002189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a molecular process that leads to the formation of membraneless organelles, representing functionally specialized liquid-like cellular condensates formed by proteins and nucleic acids. Integrating the data on LLPS-associated proteins from dedicated databases revealed only modest agreement between them and yielded a high-confidence dataset of 89 human LLPS drivers. Analysis of the supporting evidence for our dataset uncovered a systematic and potentially concerning difference between protein concentrations used in a good fraction of the in vitro LLPS experiments, a key parameter that governs the phase behavior, and the proteomics-derived cellular abundance levels of the corresponding proteins. Closer scrutiny of the underlying experimental data enabled us to offer a sound rationale for this systematic difference, which draws on our current understanding of the cellular organization of the proteome and the LLPS process. In support of this rationale, we find that genes coding for our human LLPS drivers tend to be dosage-sensitive, suggesting that their cellular availability is tightly regulated to preserve their functional role in direct or indirect relation to condensate formation. Our analysis offers guideposts for increasing agreement between in vitro and in vivo studies, probing the roles of proteins in LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Farahi
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (N.F.); (T.L.); (S.J.W.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (N.F.); (T.L.); (S.J.W.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shoshana J. Wodak
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (N.F.); (T.L.); (S.J.W.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (N.F.); (T.L.); (S.J.W.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.P.)
| | - Rita Pancsa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.P.)
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Li M, Cao H, Lai L, Liu Z. Disordered linkers in multidomain allosteric proteins: Entropic effect to favor the open state or enhanced local concentration to favor the closed state? Protein Sci 2019; 27:1600-1610. [PMID: 30019371 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many multidomain allosteric proteins where an allosteric signal at the allosteric domain modifies the activity of the functional domain. Intrinsically disordered regions (linkers) are widely involved in this kind of regulation process, but the essential role they play therein is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of linkers in stabilizing the open or the closed states of multidomain proteins using combined thermodynamic deduction and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We revealed that the influence of linker can be fully characterized by an effective local concentration [B]0 . When Kd is smaller than [B]0 , the closed state would be favored; while the open state would be preferred when Kd is larger than [B]0 . We used four protein systems with markedly different domain-domain binding affinity and structural order/disorder as model systems to understand the relationship between [B]0 and the linker length as well as its flexibility. The linker length is the main practical determinant of [B]0 . [B]0 of a flexible linker with 40-60 residues was determined to be in a narrow range of 0.2-0.6 mM, while a too short or too long length would dramatically decrease [B]0 . With the revealed [B]0 range, the introduction of a flexible linker makes the regulation of weakly interacting partners possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Li
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huaiqing Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Ziemys A, Klemm S, Milosevic M, Yokoi K, Ferrari M, Kojic M. Computational analysis of drug transport in tumor microenvironment as a critical compartment for nanotherapeutic pharmacokinetics. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:2524-2531. [PMID: 25835222 PMCID: PMC4673029 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1022837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, nanotherapeutics gained increasingly important role in drug delivery because of their frequently beneficial pharmacokinetics (PK) and lower toxicity when compared to classical systemic drug delivery. In view of therapeutic payload delivery, convective transport is crucial for systemic distribution via circulatory system, but the target domain is tissue outside vessels where transport is governed by diffusion. Here, we have computationally investigated the understudied interplay of physical transports to characterize PK of payload of nanotherapeutics. The analysis of human vasculature tree showed that convective transport is still 5 times more efficient than diffusion suggesting that circulating and payload releasing drug vectors can contribute mostly to systemic delivery. By comparing payload delivery using systemic circulation and drug vectors to microenvironment, internalized vectors were the most efficient and showed Area under the Curve almost 100 higher than in systemic delivery. The newly introduced zone of influence parameter indicated that vectors, especially internalized, lead to the largest tissue fraction covered with therapeutically significant payload concentration. The internalization to microenvironment minimizes effects of plasma domain on payload extravasation from nanotherapeutics. The computed results showed that classical PK, which mostly relies on concentration profiles in plasma, sometimes might be inadequate or not sufficient in explaining therapeutic efficacy of nanotherapeutics. These results provide a deeper look into PK of drug vectors and can help in the design of better drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Ziemys
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Steve Klemm
- Cure Technologies LLC, Grand Rapids, MI, 49525
| | - Miljan Milosevic
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Research and Development Center for Bioengineering, 3400 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Kenji Yokoi
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Milos Kojic
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Research and Development Center for Bioengineering, 3400 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrad, Serbia
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Pipkorn R, Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Lorenz P, Muehlhausen U, Fleischhacker H, Koch M, Braun K. Enhancement of the click chemistry for the inverse Diels Alder technology by functionalization of amide-based monomers. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8:387-96. [PMID: 21750642 PMCID: PMC3133843 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the near future personalized medicine with nucleic acids will play a key role in molecular diagnostics and therapy, which require new properties of the nucleic acids, like stability against enzymatic degradation. Here we demonstrate that the replacement of nucleobases with PNA by functional molecules harbouring either a dienophile or a diene reactivity is feasible and confers all new options for functionalization. These newly developed derivatives allow independent multi-ligations of multi-faceted components by use of the inverse Diels Alder technology. The high chemical stability and the ease of synthesis qualify these polyamide building blocks as favourites for intracellular delivery and targeting applications. This allows local drug concentrations sufficient for imaging and therapy and simultaneously a reduction of the application doses. It is important to point out that this technology is not restricted to ligation of medicament material; it is also a candidate to develop new and highly efficient active compounds for a "sustainable pharmacy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Pipkorn
- German Cancer Research Center, Central Peptide Synthesis Unit, INF 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Akamatsu T, Nagaya T, Ichikawa S, Sudo T, Takeda R, Takenaka K, Kodama R, Ito T, Arakura N, Tanaka E. Small bowel tissue concentration of rebamipide: study of two dosages in healthy subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 47:256-60. [PMID: 21103035 PMCID: PMC2966936 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related small intestinal complications exist, since developed new diagnostic modalities, such as balloon and capsule endoscopies. Some experiments have shown rebamipide to protect from NSAID-induced small intestinal complications. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the effective concentrations of rebamipide (COR) are present in the small intestine after taking an ordinary clinical dose and double dose of this drug. Twelve healthy male subjects were enrolled. After taking 100 or 200 mg of rebamipide, balloon enteroscopy was performed at 1 and 3 h, and biopsy samples were obtained from the jejunum and the stomach. Venous blood samples were taken simultaneously. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean COR in the jejunum was higher than 100 µM at 1 h and higher than 10 µM at 3 h in both the 100 and 200 mg groups. Mean COR in the stomach was less than 100 µM at 1 h in the 100 mg group; however it was higher than 100 µM in the 200 mg group. In conclusion, the COR level in the jejunum was sufficient to protect for NSAID-induced gastrointestinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Akamatsu
- Endoscopy Center, Nagano Prefectural Hospital Organization, Suzaka Hospital, 1332 Suzaka, Suzaka, Nagano 382-0091, Japan
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