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Simon C, Silevitch D, Stamp P, Rosenbaum T. Quantum Barkhausen noise induced by domain wall cotunneling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315598121. [PMID: 38502694 PMCID: PMC10990130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315598121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Most macroscopic magnetic phenomena (including magnetic hysteresis) are typically understood classically. Here, we examine the dynamics of a uniaxial rare-earth ferromagnet deep within the quantum regime, so that domain wall motion, and the associated hysteresis, is initiated by quantum nucleation, which then grows into large-scale domain wall motion, which is observable as an unusual form of Barkhausen noise. We observe noncritical behavior in the resulting avalanche dynamics that only can be explained by going beyond traditional renormalization group methods or classical domain wall models. We find that this "quantum Barkhausen noise" exhibits two distinct mechanisms for domain wall movement, each of which is quantum-mechanical, but with very different dependences on an external magnetic field applied transverse to the spin (Ising) axis. These observations can be understood in terms of the correlated motion of pairs of domain walls, nucleated by cotunneling of plaquettes (sections of domain wall), with plaquette pairs correlated by dipolar interactions; this correlation is suppressed by the transverse field. Similar macroscopic correlations may be expected to appear in the hysteresis of other systems with long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Simon
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - D.M. Silevitch
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - P.C.E. Stamp
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z1, Canada
- Pacific Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - T.F. Rosenbaum
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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Robertson IO, Scholten SC, Singh P, Healey AJ, Meneses F, Reineck P, Abe H, Ohshima T, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Tetienne JP. Detection of Paramagnetic Spins with an Ultrathin van der Waals Quantum Sensor. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37406158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Detecting magnetic noise from small quantities of paramagnetic spins is a powerful capability for chemical, biochemical, and medical analysis. Quantum sensors based on optically addressable spin defects in bulk semiconductors are typically employed for such purposes, but the 3D crystal structure of the sensor inhibits sensitivity by limiting the proximity of the defects to the target spins. Here we demonstrate the detection of paramagnetic spins using spin defects hosted in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a van der Waals material that can be exfoliated into the 2D regime. We first create negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defects in a powder of ultrathin hBN nanoflakes (<10 atomic monolayers thick on average) and measure the longitudinal spin relaxation time (T1) of this system. We then decorate the dry hBN nanopowder with paramagnetic Gd3+ ions and observe a clear T1 quenching under ambient conditions, consistent with the added magnetic noise. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of performing spin measurements, including T1 relaxometry using solution-suspended hBN nanopowder. Our results highlight the potential and versatility of the hBN quantum sensor for a range of sensing applications and make steps toward the realization of a truly 2D, ultrasensitive quantum sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay O Robertson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sam C Scholten
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Priya Singh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Alexander J Healey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fernando Meneses
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Fang X, Ma D, Sun B, Xu X, Quan W, Xiao Z, Zhai Y. A High-Performance Magnetic Shield with MnZn Ferrite and Mu-Metal Film Combination for Atomic Sensors. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15196680. [PMID: 36234022 PMCID: PMC9570902 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a high-performance magnetic shielding structure composed of MnZn ferrite and mu-metal film. The use of the mu-metal film with a high magnetic permeability restrains the decrease in the magnetic shielding coefficient caused by the magnetic leakage between the gap of magnetic annuli. The 0.1-0.5 mm thickness of mu-metal film prevents the increase of magnetic noise of composite structure. The finite element simulation results show that the magnetic shielding coefficient and magnetic noise are almost unchanged with the increase in the gap width. Compared with conventional ferrite magnetic shields with multiple annuli structures under the gap width of 0.5 mm, the radial shielding coefficient increases by 13.2%, and the magnetic noise decreases by 21%. The axial shielding coefficient increases by 22.3 times. Experiments verify the simulation results of the shielding coefficient of the combined magnetic shield. The shielding coefficient of the combined magnetic shield is 16.5%. It is 91.3% higher than the conventional ferrite magnetic shield. The main difference is observed between the actual and simulated relative permeability of mu-metal films. The combined magnetic shielding proposed in this study is of great significance to further promote the performance of atomic sensors sensitive to magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Fang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Danyue Ma
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bowen Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xueping Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhisong Xiao
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yueyang Zhai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (Y.Z.)
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Accomando F, Vitale A, Bonfante A, Buonanno M, Florio G. Performance of Two Different Flight Configurations for Drone-Borne Magnetic Data. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21175736. [PMID: 34502628 PMCID: PMC8433984 DOI: 10.3390/s21175736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The compensation of magnetic and electromagnetic interference generated by drones is one of the main problems related to drone-borne magnetometry. The simplest solution is to suspend the magnetometer at a certain distance from the drone. However, this choice may compromise the flight stability or introduce periodic data variations generated by the oscillations of the magnetometer. We studied this problem by conducting two drone-borne magnetic surveys using a prototype system based on a cesium-vapor magnetometer with a 1000 Hz sampling frequency. First, the magnetometer was fixed to the drone landing-sled (at 0.5 m from the rotors), and then it was suspended 3 m below the drone. These two configurations illustrate endmembers of the possible solutions, favoring the stability of the system during flight or the minimization of the mobile platform noise. Drone-generated noise was filtered according to a CWT analysis, and both the spectral characteristics and the modelled source parameters resulted analogously to that of a ground magnetic dataset in the same area, which were here taken as a control dataset. This study demonstrates that careful processing can return high quality drone-borne data using both flight configurations. The optimal flight solution can be chosen depending on the survey target and flight conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Accomando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3891353113
| | - Andrea Vitale
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonello Bonfante
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Maurizio Buonanno
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Giovanni Florio
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (G.F.)
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Durdaut P, Müller C, Kittmann A, Schell V, Bahr A, Quandt E, Knöchel R, Höft M, McCord J. Phase Noise of SAW Delay Line Magnetic Field Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:5631. [PMID: 34451074 DOI: 10.3390/s21165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for the detection of magnetic fields are currently being studied scientifically in many ways, especially since both their sensitivity as well as their detectivity could be significantly improved by the utilization of shear horizontal surface acoustic waves, i.e., Love waves, instead of Rayleigh waves. By now, low-frequency limits of detection (LOD) below 100 pT/Hz can be achieved. However, the LOD can only be further improved by gaining a deep understanding of the existing sensor-intrinsic noise sources and their impact on the sensor’s overall performance. This paper reports on a comprehensive study of the inherent noise of SAW delay line magnetic field sensors. In addition to the noise, however, the sensitivity is of importance, since both quantities are equally important for the LOD. Following the necessary explanations of the electrical and magnetic sensor properties, a further focus is on the losses within the sensor, since these are closely linked to the noise. The considered parameters are in particular the ambient magnetic bias field and the input power of the sensor. Depending on the sensor’s operating point, various noise mechanisms contribute to f0 white phase noise, f−1 flicker phase noise, and f−2 random walk of phase. Flicker phase noise due to magnetic hysteresis losses, i.e. random fluctuations of the magnetization, is usually dominant under typical operating conditions. Noise characteristics are related to the overall magnetic and magnetic domain behavior. Both calculations and measurements show that the LOD cannot be further improved by increasing the sensitivity. Instead, the losses occurring in the magnetic material need to be decreased.
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Brys T, Czekaj S, Daum M, Fierlinger P, George D, Henneck R, Hochman Z, Kasprzak M, Kohlik K, Kirch K, Kuzniak M, Kuehne G, Pichlmaier A, Siodmok A, Szelc A, Tanner L. Magnetic Field Stabilization for Magnetically Shielded Volumes by External Field Coils. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2005; 110:173-178. [PMID: 27308117 PMCID: PMC4849586 DOI: 10.6028/jres.110.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For highly sensitive magnetic measurements, e.g., a measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM), the magnetic field has to be stable in time on a level below picoTesla. One of several measures we employ to achieve this uses an external field coil system which can stabilize the ambient external field at a predefined value. Here we report on the construction and characterization of such a system in the magnetic test facility at PSI. The system actively stabilizes the field along the axis of the EDM experiment by means of four coils in a Helmholtz-like configuration. Additional coils serve to compensate for transverse ambient field components. Because of the long integration times in the EDM experiment (about 100 s or more) only slow disturbances have to be corrected for. The performance of the system has been measured using static and moving magnetic sources and suppression factors in excess of 200 have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brys
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Czekaj
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Daum
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - P Fierlinger
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - D George
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R Henneck
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Z Hochman
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Kasprzak
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - K Kohlik
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - K Kirch
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Kuzniak
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - G Kuehne
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A Pichlmaier
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A Siodmok
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A Szelc
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - L Tanner
- Paul-Scherrer-Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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