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Peng DN, Zentall TR. Implicit learning of the one-back reinforcement matching- mismatching task by pigeons. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00677-2. [PMID: 37301201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans can learn tasks explicitly, as they can often describe the rules they have used to learn the task.1,2,3 Animals, however, are thought to learn tasks implicitly (i.e., purely associatively).2,3 That is, they gradually learn the correlation or association between the stimulus (or response) and the outcome. Both humans and pigeons can learn matching, where a sample stimulus indicates which one of two stimuli matches the sample. The 1-back reinforcement task is a difficult version of matching in which a correct response on trial N is rewarded only following a response on trial N + 1 (independent of the response on trial N + 1),4 and the correct response on trial N + 1 indicates whether a reward will occur on trial N + 2, and so forth. Humans do not appear to be able to learn the 1-back rule.5 Pigeons, however, do show 1-back reinforcement learning,6,7 and they appear to do so implicitly by gradually learning the correlation between their response on one trial and the outcome on the next trial (because all other relations are uncorrelated with the outcome). They learn the task slowly and to a level below what would be expected had they learned it explicitly. The present results, together with research with humans,7 suggest that there are times when human explicit learning may interfere with the ability of humans to learn. Pigeons, however, are not "distracted" by attempts at explicit learning, and thus they are able to learn this and other similar tasks.6,7,8.
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Zentall TR, Mueller PM, Peng DN. Flexible Learning of Matching and Mismatching by Pigeons. Behav Processes 2022;:104715. [PMID: 35901936 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When pigeons learn a conditional discrimination in which a sample stimulus indicates which of two comparison stimuli is correct Skinner (1950) proposed that they learn a chain involving the sample, the correct comparison stimulus, and the reinforcer. This implies that they do not learn to reject the incorrect comparison stimulus and the sameness relation between the sample and the correct or the incorrect comparison stimulus plays little role in learning. There is, however, considerable evidence that learning to match or mismatch the sample can transfer to novel stimuli. But there is little evidence that the sameness relation facilitates acquisition. In the present research, pigeons were trained on two 0-s delay conditional discriminations: two matching tasks, two mismatching tasks, or one of each. No differences were found in acquisition, suggesting that consistent matching or mismatching does not facilitate acquisition of conditional discriminations. In testing, when either the correct or the incorrect comparison stimulus in each discrimination was replaced with one of the stimuli from the other task, results suggested that the pigeons in all three groups had learned both to select the correct stimulus and to reject the incorrect stimulus in learning both tasks. It appears that the pigeons may have had learned the tasks based on sample/comparison-stimulus configurations with the sample serving as an occasion setter.
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Maltezou HC, Kossyvakis A, Lytras T, Exindari M, Christoforidi M, Mentis A, Gioula G. Circulation of Influenza Type B Lineages in Greece During 2005-2015 and Estimation of Their Impact. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:94-98. [PMID: 31905328 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decades influenza B lineages Victoria and Yamagata cocirculated. Our aim was to estimate the distribution of the two lineages circulating in Greece and any possible mismatching with vaccine influenza B strains. We studied 490 laboratory-confirmed influenza B nonsevere acute respiratory infection (non-SARI) cases diagnosed in the two National Influenza Reference Laboratories by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2015 and 100 influenza B SARI cases diagnosed from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015. Median matching between the circulating influenza B lineages and the vaccine influenza B strains was 19.2% (range: 0-100%) for non-SARI cases during 2005-2015 and 67.6% (range: 41.2-94.1%) for SARI cases during 2011-2015. In two influenza seasons (2005-2006 and 2006-2007), complete lineage mismatch between influenza B non-SARI cases and influenza B vaccine strains was found. We estimated that 5, 12, or 16 laboratory-confirmed SARI cases could have been prevented by quadrivalent influenza inactivated vaccine (QIV) during the 2011-2012 season and 1, 2, or 3 SARI cases during the 2014-2015 season, with a vaccination coverage rate of 70% and a vaccine effectiveness of 20%, 50%, or 70%, respectively. Significant cocirculation of Victoria and Yamagata B strains and mismatching with vaccine influenza B strains were found during 2005-2015 in Greece. The wide use of a QIV instead of a TIV will confer additional immunity and therefore protection against influenza B, and it is expected to prevent several SARI cases annually. Our findings strongly support the recommendations for using QIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Department for Interventions in Healthcare Facilities, Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kossyvakis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Lytras
- Office of Scientific Collaborators, Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Exindari
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Northern Greece, Microbiology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Christoforidi
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Northern Greece, Microbiology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Gioula
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory for Northern Greece, Microbiology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ebrashy A, Aboulghar M, Elhodiby M, El-Dessouky SH, Elsirgany S, Gaafar HM, Sheta SS, Kamal R, Negm S, El Sheikhah A, Idris O, Abd-El-Kader M, Ehab M, Momtaz M. Fetal heart examination at the time of 13 weeks scan: a 5 years' prospective study. J Perinat Med 2019; 47:871-878. [PMID: 31494637 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2019-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate our ability in classifying the fetal heart as normal or abnormal during the 1st trimester scan through fetal cardiac examination and determining the best time for this examination. Methods This was a prospective study performed on 3240 pregnant women to examine the fetal heart. Four chambers view and ventricular outflow tracts were mainly examined during the scan. We used grayscale and color mapping in the diagnosis. Color Doppler was used if additional information was needed, and all patients were rescanned during the 2nd trimester to confirm or negate our diagnosis. Results The cardiac findings were normal at both scans in 3108 pregnancies. The same cardiac abnormality was detected at both scans in 79 cases. In 36 cases there was false-positive diagnosis at the early scan; in 20 of these cases, there were mildly abnormal functional findings early in pregnancy with no abnormality found later. In 17 fetuses, there was discordance between the early and later diagnosis due to missed or incorrect diagnoses. The best time to do fetal heart examination during 1st trimester is between 13 and 13 + 6 weeks. Conclusion A high degree of accuracy in the identification of congenital heart disease (CHD) can be achieved by a 1st trimester fetal echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ebrashy
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Mona Aboulghar
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhodiby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, M.U.S.T. University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara H El-Dessouky
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Elsirgany
- Reproductive Health Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Gaafar
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Sheta
- Department of Paediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Kamal
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Negm
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Sheikhah
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omaima Idris
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abd-El-Kader
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ehab
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Momtaz
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
It has been assumed that when pigeons learn how to match to sample, they learn simple stimulus-response chains but not the concept of sameness. However, transfer to novel stimuli has been influenced by pigeons' tendency to be neophobic. We trained pigeons on matching ( n = 7) and mismatching ( n = 8) with colors as samples and, with each sample, one color as the nonmatching comparison. We then replaced either the matching or the nonmatching stimulus with a familiar stimulus never presented with that sample. Results suggest that for both matching and mismatching, pigeons locate the stimulus that matches the sample: If the task involves matching, they chose it; if it involves mismatching, they avoid it. Thus, the concept of sameness is the basis for correct choice with both tasks. This finding suggests that sameness is a basic concept that does not have to be learned and may have evolved in many species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob P Case
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
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Yoon MH, Tahk SJ, Lim HS, Yang HM, Seo KW, Choi BJ, Choi SY, Hwang GS, Park JS, Shin JH. Myocardial Mass Contributes to the Discrepancy Between Anatomic Stenosis Severity Assessed by Intravascular Ultrasound and Fractional Flow Reserve in Intermediate Lesions of the Coronary Artery. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 91:182-191. [PMID: 28568890 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the major contributors to the discrepancy between the minimal lumen area (MLA) and fractional flow reserve (FFR). BACKGROUND There was considerable discrepancy between MLA or diameter stenosis (DS) and FFR. METHODS We enrolled 744 patients with intermediate stenoses of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Summed epicardial coronary artery length distal to the target stenosis was obtained from each longest view of the vessels on the coronary angiograms. Mismatching was defined as a lesion with FFR of >0.80 and MLA smaller than the best cut-off value (BCV) for predicting FFR of ≤0.80. Reverse mismatching was defined as a lesion with FFR of ≤0.80 and MLA larger than the BCV. RESULTS Summed epicardial coronary artery length was longer at the lesions of proximal LAD than that of middle LAD (380 mm ± 82 mm vs. 341 mm ± 80 mm, P < 0.001). Reverse mismatching was found more frequently in the proximal than middle LAD (28.3% vs. 5.5%, P < 0.001). Independent predictors of FFR ≤ 0.80 were age, male, multi-vessel disease, proximal LAD lesion, MLA, DS, plaque burden at distal reference, lesion length and summed epicardial coronary artery length. Proximal LAD lesion was an independent predictor of reverse mismatching (hazard ratio 3.162, 1.858-5.382, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial mass subtended by a lesion is an important factor predicting FFR ≤0.80 and discrepancy between FFR and MLA. Myocardial mass subtended by a lesion should be considered when determining the revascularization therapy by intravascular ultrasound parameters. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Ho Yoon
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Tahk
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woo Seo
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Joo Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyo-Seung Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joon-Han Shin
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Shi X, Han W, Ding J. The impact of human leukocyte antigen mismatching on graft survival and mortality in adult renal transplantation: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8899. [PMID: 29245253 PMCID: PMC5728868 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was important biological barrier to a successful transplantation. Quantitative evaluations of the effect of HLA mismatching on heart, liver, umbilical cord blood, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, have previously been reported. In new era of immunosuppression, the reported magnitude effect of HLA mismatching on survival outcomes of kidney transplantation was controversial. In addition, the current kidney allocation guideline recommendations in different countries were inconsistent in term of HLA mismatching. We undertake this study to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the magnitude effect of HLA mismatching in adult kidney transplantation, with a particular focus on graft survival and mortality. METHODS The present systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology protocol (MOOSE-P) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis protocol (PRISMA-P). PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library Database will be searched without language restriction. Studies fulfill the following criteria will be eligible: included study cohorts comprising adult recipients; reported the association between HLA mismatching (per mismatches or HLA-A, -B, -DR mismatches) and posttransplant survival outcomes; provided effect estimates of hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs). The incidence of measured outcomes was defined according to the European Renal Best Practice Transplantation Guidelines and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Guidelines. RESULTS This study will quantitatively assess the association of HLA per mismatches, DR-antigen mismatches, A-antigen mismatches, and B-antigen mismatches with survival outcomes of overall graft failure, death-censored graft failure, all-cause mortality, and mortality with a functioning graft. CONCLUSION This study will determine the issues on what extent HLA compatibility influenced recipient and graft survival and which HLA antigen plays a more important role in kidney transplantation. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017071894.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenke Han
- Institute of Urology, Peking University
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Byers DL. Studying plant-pollinator interactions in a changing climate: A review of approaches. Appl Plant Sci 2017; 5:apps.1700012. [PMID: 28690933 PMCID: PMC5499306 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pollinator interactions are potentially at risk due to climate change. Because of the spatial and temporal variation associated with the effects of climate change and the responses of both actors, research to assess this interaction requires creative approaches. This review focuses on assessments of plants' and pollinators' altered phenology in response to environmental changes, as phenology is one of the key responses. I reviewed research methods with the goal of presenting the wide diversity of available techniques for addressing changes in these interactions. Approaches ranged from use of historical specimens to multisite experimental community studies; while differing in depth of historical information and community interactions, all contribute to assessment of phenology changes. Particularly insightful were those studies that directly assessed the environmental changes across spatial and temporal scales and the responses of plants and pollinators at these scales. Longer-term studies across environmental gradients, potentially with reciprocal transplants, enable an assessment of climate impacts at both scales. While changes in phenology are well studied, the impacts of phenology changes are not. Future research should include approaches to address this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Byers
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4120, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120 USA
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Bryan CF, Chadha V, Warady BA. Donor selection in pediatric kidney transplantation using DR and DQ eplet mismatching: A new histocompatibility paradigm. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:926-930. [PMID: 27448994 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that more HLA-DR mismatching at the time of the first renal transplant is associated with higher degrees of sensitization, lower rates and longer times to retransplantation, and worse graft outcomes in children who are subsequently retransplanted. As such, our pediatric renal transplant program preferentially uses 0 or 1 HLA-DR-mismatched kidneys and reserves 2 DR-mismatched kidneys for recipients with an eminent need for a kidney. Based on a new HLA class II epitope matching strategy that is designed to minimize dnDSA production to DR and DQ antigens, we evaluated the prevalence of DR and DQ eplet mismatching for dd offers made to our pediatric wait-listed candidates. Each candidate/dd pair were HLA-DR (β1 and β3 and/or β5) and DQ (α1 and β1) allele typed by rSSO and were then evaluated for eplet mismatches by the HLAMatchmaker program. We evaluated 78 offers made to 16 children on our UNOS waiting list from 27 consecutive dd from 4/14/14 to 3/23/15. The data show that 40% (8/20) of the 1 DR-mismatched dd offers and 64% (37/58) of the 2 DR-mismatched offers were in the high-risk category for both DR and DQ dnDSA development. Whereas only 15% (3/20) of the 1 DR-mismatched offers and 5% (3/58) of the 2 DR-mismatched offers were in the low-risk category for both DR and DQ dnDSA development, 55% and 33% of the 1 DR- and 2 DR-mismatched offers, respectively, had a favorable DQ eplet mismatch threshold. In summary, HLA class II eplet mismatching is common in potential pediatric transplant recipient/donor pairs. Additional study will be necessary to validate the DR and DQ eplet threshold levels in children and to determine whether eplet mismatching strategies in donor selection result in improved transplant outcome and decreased dnDSA production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vimal Chadha
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bradley A Warady
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Sharma N, Awasthi S, Phadke SR. A Mutagenic Primer Assay for Genotyping of the CRHR1 Gene Rare Variant rs1876828 (A/G) in Asians: A Cost-Effective SNP Typing. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 30:169-74. [PMID: 25546060 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, the genetic and genomic research entered in a new era of high-throughput genotyping technology. However, mutagenic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is still a choice of genotyping method in molecular epidemiological research. It has been extensively used for the detection of risk alleles, if the target SNP has no natural discriminating restriction site. We undertook this study to develop a mutagenic primer assay for a CRHR1 rare gene variant: rs1876828 (A/G) and to determine their allele frequency in north Indian children. METHODS The mutagenic primers were designed and assay conditions were optimized to perform mutagenic PCR-RFLP in 550 subjects. The efficiency of assay and results were validated by sequencing. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the mutagenic primer assay is feasible and applicable to discriminate CRHR1 gene rare variant rs1876828 (A/G) and the "frequency of allele "G" was 100% in north Indian asthmatics as well as normal subjects. CONCLUSION This method can be used for both large- and small-scale study of complex genetic, where CRHR1 gene plays the pivotal roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Paediatrics & Translational Medicine Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Paediatrics & Translational Medicine Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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