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Fang G, Lu H, Al-Nakashli R, Chapman R, Zhang Y, Ju LA, Lin G, Stenzel MH, Jin D. Enabling peristalsis of human colon tumor organoids on microfluidic chips. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34638112 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac2ef9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peristalsis in the digestive tract is crucial to maintain physiological functions. It remains challenging to mimic the peristaltic microenvironment in gastrointestinal organoid culture. Here, we present a method to model the peristalsis for human colon tumor organoids on a microfluidic chip. The chip contains hundreds of lateral microwells and a surrounding pressure channel. Human colon tumor organoids growing in the microwell were cyclically contracted by pressure channel, mimicking thein vivomechano-stimulus by intestinal muscles. The chip allows the control of peristalsis amplitude and rhythm and the high throughput culture of organoids simultaneously. By applying 8% amplitude with 8 ∼ 10 times min-1, we observed the enhanced expression of Lgr5 and Ki67. Moreover, ellipticine-loaded polymeric micelles showed reduced uptake in the organoids under peristalsis and resulted in compromised anti-tumor efficacy. The results indicate the importance of mechanical stimuli mimicking the physiological environment when usingin vitromodels to evaluate nanoparticles. This work provides a method for attaining more reliable and representative organoids models in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Fang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Russul Al-Nakashli
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,UTS-SUSTech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Forouzandehmehr M, Shamloo A. High Haematocrit Blood Flow and Adsorption of Micro- and Nanoparticles on an Atherosclerotic Plaque: an in-silico study. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1526-1532. [PMID: 33726647 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210316111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuing inflammatory response entailed by atherosclerosis is categorised by a pathological surface expression of certain proteins over the endothelium, namely, P-selectins. Thus, to boost the efficiency of drug carriers these proteins can be used as binding targets. METHOD An in-silico patient-specific model of a Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery considering the luminal unevenness was built and meshed using the finite element method. OBJECTIVES Delivery of particles in a specific size range, from 200 to 3200 nm, covered by P-selectin aptamers (PSA), to an atherosclerotic plaque in a pathologically high haematocrit (Hct) blood flow was simulated. The surface of the plaque was assumed to possess a pathologically high expression of P-Selectins. RESULTS The distribution of deposited particles over the plaque, in high Hct blood, was significantly more homogenous compared to that of particles travelled in normal blood Hct. Moreover, in the high Hct, the increase in the particle size, from 800 nm forwards, had a trivial effect on the upsurge in the surface density of adhered particles (SDAs) over the targeted endothelium. Yet, in normal blood Hct (45% in this research) the increase in the particle diameter from 800 nm forwards resulted in a significant increase in the SDAs over the targeted plaque. Interestingly, unlike the adsorption pattern of particles in normal Hct, a significant distribution of deposited particles in the post-constriction region of the atherosclerotic plaque was observed. CONCLUSION Our findings lend insights into designing optimum carriers of anti-thrombotic/inflammatory drugs specifically for high blood Hct conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran. Iran
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Wang K, Kievit FM, Chiarelli PA, Stephen ZR, Lin G, Silber JR, Ellenbogen RG, Zhang M. siRNA nanoparticle suppresses drug-resistant gene and prolongs survival in an orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft mouse model. Adv Funct Mater 2021; 31:2007166. [PMID: 33708035 PMCID: PMC7942690 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202007166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard of care chemotherapy drug for treating glioblastomas (GBMs), the most aggressive cancer that affects people of all ages. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by the drug resistance mediated by a DNA repair protein, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which eliminates the TMZ-induced DNA lesions. Here we report the development of an iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) system for targeted delivery of siRNAs to suppress the TMZ-resistance gene (MGMT). We show that our NP is able to overcome biological barriers, bind specifically to tumor cells, and reduce MGMT expression in tumors of mice bearing orthotopic GBM serially-passaged patient-derived xenografts. The treatment with sequential administration of this NP and TMZ resulted in increased apoptosis of GBM stem-like cells, reduced tumor growth, and significantly-prolonged survival as compared to mice treated with TMZ alone. This study introduces an approach that holds great promise to improve the outcomes of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Forrest M Kievit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Peter A Chiarelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Zachary R Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Guanyou Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - John R Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Abstract
Exosomes are endogenous extracellular vesicles (30-100 nm) composed with membrane lipid bilayer which carry vesicular proteins, enzymes, mRNA, miRNA and nucleic acids. They act as messengers for intra- and inter-cellular communication. In addition to their physiological roles, exosomes have the potential to encapsulate and deliver small chemotherapeutic drugs and biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid-based drugs to the recipient tissue or organs. Due to their biological properties, exosomes have better organotropism, homing capacity, cellular uptake and cargo release ability than other synthetic nano-drug carriers such as liposomes, micelles and nanogels. The secretion of tumor-derived exosomes is increased in the hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment, which can be used as a target for nontoxic and nonimmunogenic drug delivery vehicles for various cancers. Moreover, exosomes have the potential to carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs, bypass RES effect and bypass BBB. Exosomes can be isolated from other types of EVs and cell debris based on their size, density and specific surface proteins through ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, precipitation, immunoaffinity interaction and gel filtration. Drugs can be loaded into exosomes at the biogenesis stage or with the isolated exosomes by incubation, electroporation, extrusion or sonication methods. Finally, exosomal cargo vehicles can be characterized by ultrastructural microscopic analysis. In this review we intend to summarize the inception, structure and function of the exosomes, role of exosomes in immunological regulation and cancer, methods of isolation and characterization of exosomes and products under clinical trials. This review will provide an inclusive insight of exosomes in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aragaw Gebeyehu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mandip Singh Sachdeva
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Lu H, Stenzel MH. Multicellular Tumor Spheroids (MCTS) as a 3D In Vitro Evaluation Tool of Nanoparticles. Small 2018; 14:e1702858. [PMID: 29450963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroid models (MCTS) are often coined as 3D in vitro models that can mimic the microenvironment of tissues. MCTS have gained increasing interest in the nano-biotechnology field as they can provide easily accessible information on the performance of nanoparticles without using animal models. Considering that many countries have put restrictions on animals testing, which will only tighten in the future as seen by the recent developments in the Netherlands, 3D models will become an even more valuable tool. Here, an overview on MCTS is provided, focusing on their use in cancer research as most nanoparticles are tested in MCTS for treatment of primary tumors. Thereafter, various types of nanoparticles-from self-assembled block copolymers to inorganic nanoparticles, are discussed. A range of physicochemical parameters including the size, shape, surface chemistry, ligands attachment, stability, and stiffness are found to influence nanoparticles in MCTS. Some of these studies are complemented by animal studies confirming that lessons from MCTS can in part predict the behaviour in vivo. In summary, MCTS are suitable models to gain additional information on nanoparticles. While not being able to replace in vivo studies, they can bridge the gap between traditional 2D in vitro studies and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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