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Gan S, Wu W, Feng G, Wang Z, Liu B, Tang BZ. Size Optimization of Organic Nanoparticles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Improved ROS Generation and Photodynamic Cancer Cell Ablation. Small 2022; 18:e2202242. [PMID: 35652497 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogens provide new opportunities to promote efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in aggregates, which represent the promising candidates to construct theranostic nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy (PDT), but the size effect has been rarely explored. Herein, a universal method to fabricate organic nanoparticles with controllable sizes is reported and it demonstrates that ≈45 nm is the optimal size of AIE nanoparticles for PDT. Different from conventional Ce6 nanoparticles which show largely reduced fluorescence and ROS generation with increasing nanoparticle size, AIE nanoparticles show gradually enhanced brightness and ROS generation upon increasing the sizes from 6 to ≈45 nm. Further increasing sizes could continue to intensify the nanoparticle's brightness at the expense of ROS production, with the optimal size for ROS generation being achieved at ≈45 nm. Both 2D monolayer cell and 3D multicellular spheroid experiments confirm that 45 nm AIE nanoparticles have the highest cellular uptake, the deepest penetration depth, and the best photodynamic killing effect. Such a study not only manifests the advantages of AIE photosensitizers, but also delivers the optimal size ranging for efficient PDT, which shall provide an attractive paradigm to guide the development of phototheranostic nanoparticles besides molecular design to further promote PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, AIE Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, AIE Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, AIE Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, AIE Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
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Egloff S, Runser A, Klymchenko A, Reisch A. Size-Dependent Electroporation of Dye-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Efficient and Safe Intracellular Delivery. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2000947. [PMID: 34927896 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and safe delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) into the cytosol of living cells constitutes a major methodological challenge in bio-nanotechnology. Electroporation allows direct transfer of NPs into the cytosol by forming transient pores in the cell membrane, but it is criticized for invasiveness, and the applicable particle sizes are not well defined. Here, in order to establish principles for efficient delivery of NPs into the cytosol with minimal cytotoxicity, the influence of the size of NPs on their electroporation and intracellular behavior is investigated. For this study, fluorescent dye-loaded polymer NPs with core sizes between 10 and 40 nm are prepared. Optimizing the electroporation protocol allows minimizing contributions of endocytosis and to study directly the effect of NP size on electroporation. NPs of <20 nm hydrodynamic size are efficiently delivered into the cytosol, whereas this is not the case for NPs of >30 nm. Moreover, only particles of core size <15 nm diffuse freely throughout the cytosol. While electroporation at excessive electric fields induces cytotoxicity, the use of small NPs <20 nm allows efficient delivery at mild electroporation conditions. These results give clear methodological and design guidelines for the safe delivery of NPs for intracellular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Egloff
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Anne Runser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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