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Baek JW, Nam AR, Kim K, Kim PH. Dualistic Effects of PRKAR1A as a Potential Anticancer Target in Cancer Cells and Cancer-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2876. [PMID: 38474121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of innovative medical technologies and interdisciplinary collaboration could improve the treatment of cancer, a globally prevalent and often deadly disease. Despite recent advancements, current cancer therapies fail to specifically address recurrence and target cancer stem cells (CSCs), which contribute to relapse. In this study, we utilized three types of cancer cells, from which three types of CSCs were further derived, to conduct a proteomic analysis. Additionally, shared cell surface biomarkers were identified as potential targets for a comprehensive treatment strategy. The selected biomarkers were evaluated through short hairpin RNA treatment, which revealed contrasting functions in cancer cells and CSCs. Knockdown of the identified proteins revealed that they regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness via the ERK signaling pathway. Resistance to anticancer agents was consequently reduced, ultimately enhancing the overall anticancer effects of the treatment. Additionally, the significance of these biomarkers in clinical patient outcomes was confirmed using bioinformatics. Our study suggests a novel cancer treatment strategy that addresses the limitations of current anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Won Baek
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Nam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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Yasuda R, Suzuki K, Okada H, Ishihara T, Minamiyama T, Kamidani R, Kitagawa Y, Fukuta T, Suzuki K, Miyake T, Yoshida S, Tetsuka N, Ogura S. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein levels may be associated with the occurrence of acute kidney injury induced by trauma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1346183. [PMID: 38463489 PMCID: PMC10920245 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1346183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI), with a fatality rate of 8.6%, is one of the most common types of multiorgan failure in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, AKI should be diagnosed early, and early interventions should be implemented. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) could aid in the diagnosis of AKI. Methods In this prospective, single-center, observational study, we included 100 patients with trauma. Urinary L-FABP levels were measured using a semi-quantitative rapid assay kit 6 and 12 h after injury. Negative, weakly positive, and strongly positive urinary L-FABP levels were examined using two protocols. Using protocol 1, measurements were performed at 6 h after injury negative levels were considered "negative," and weakly positive and strongly positive levels were considered "positive." Using protocol 2, strongly positive levels at 6 h after injury were considered "positive," and negative or weakly positive levels at 6 h after injury were considered "positive" if they were weakly positive or positive at 12 h after injury. Results Fifteen patients were diagnosed with AKI. Using protocol 1, the odds ratio (OR) was 20.55 (p = 0.001) after adjustment for the injury severity score (ISS), contrast media use, and shock index. When the L-FABP levels at 6 and 12 h were similarly adjusted for those three factors, the OR was 18.24 (p < 0.001). The difference in ORs for protocols 1 and 2 was 1.619 (p = 0.04). Discussion Associations between urinary L-FABP and AKI can be examined more precisely by performing measurements at 6 and 12 h after injury than only one time at 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuma Ishihara
- Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toru Minamiyama
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamidani
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kitagawa
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuta
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kodai Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Abuse Prevention Emergency Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tetsuka
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Lazarevic I, Banko A, Miljanovic D, Cupic M. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Isoforms: Their Clinical Implications, Utilisation in Diagnosis, Prevention and New Antiviral Strategies. Pathogens 2024; 13:46. [PMID: 38251353 PMCID: PMC10818932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a multifunctional glycoprotein composed of large (LHB), middle (MHB), and small (SHB) subunits. HBsAg isoforms have numerous biological functions during HBV infection-from initial and specific viral attachment to the hepatocytes to initiating chronic infection with their immunomodulatory properties. The genetic variability of HBsAg isoforms may play a role in several HBV-related liver phases and clinical manifestations, from occult hepatitis and viral reactivation upon immunosuppression to fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their immunogenic properties make them a major target for developing HBV vaccines, and in recent years they have been recognised as valuable targets for new therapeutic approaches. Initial research has already shown promising results in utilising HBsAg isoforms instead of quantitative HBsAg for correctly evaluating chronic infection phases and predicting functional cures. The ratio between surface components was shown to indicate specific outcomes of HBV and HDV infections. Thus, besides traditional HBsAg detection and quantitation, HBsAg isoform quantitation can become a useful non-invasive biomarker for assessing chronically infected patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of HBsAg isoforms, their potential usefulness and aspects deserving further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lazarevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.B.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
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Cespiati A, Cinque F, Meroni M, Lombardi R, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL. An Overview of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Focusing on Non-Cirrhotic NAFLD Patients: A Challenge for Physicians. Biomedicines 2023; 11. [PMID: 36831120 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide and it ranges from simple steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC represents the first liver tumor and the third source of cancer death. In the next few years, the prevalence of NAFLD and consequently of HCC is estimated to increase, becoming a major public health problem. The NAFLD-HCC shows several differences compared to other causes of chronic liver disease (CLD), including the higher percentage of patients that develop HCC in the absence of liver cirrhosis. In HCC surveillance, the international guidelines suggest a six months abdominal ultrasound (US), with or without alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) evaluation, in patients with cirrhosis and in a subgroup of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. However, this screening program reveals several limitations, especially in NAFLD patients. Thus, new biomarkers and scores have been proposed to overcome the limits of HCC surveillance. In this narrative review we aimed to explore the differences in the HCC features between NAFLD and non-NAFLD patients, and those between NAFLD-HCC developed in the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic liver. Finally, we focused on the limits of tumor surveillance in NAFLD patients, and we explored the new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC.
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Roberto M, Botticelli A, Panebianco M, Aschelter AM, Gelibter A, Ciccarese C, Minelli M, Nuti M, Santini D, Laghi A, Tomao S, Marchetti P. Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Management: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Practice. Front Oncol 2021; 11:657639. [PMID: 33968762 PMCID: PMC8100507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.657639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic sc"enario of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) has noticeably increased, ranging from the most studied molecular target therapies to those most recently introduced, up to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The most recent clinical trials with an ICI-based combination of molecular targeted agents and ICI show how, by restoring an efficient immune response against cancer cells and by establishing an immunological memory, it is possible to obtain not only a better radiological response but also a longer progression-free and overall survival. However, the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains of fundamental importance, especially in patients who, for clinical characteristics, tumor burden and comorbidity, could have greater benefit from the use of TKIs in monotherapy rather than in combination with other therapies. However, to use these novel options in the best possible way, knowledge is required not only of the data from the large clinical trials but also of the biological mechanisms, molecular pathways, immunological mechanisms, and methodological issues related to both new response criteria and endpoints. In this complex scenario, we review the latest results of the latest clinical trials and provide guidance for overcoming the barriers to decision-making to offer a practical approach to the management of mRCC in daily clinical practice. Moreover, based on recent literature, we discuss the most innovative combination strategies that would allow us to achieve the best clinical therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Roberto
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Panebianco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant’Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aschelter
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant’Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Gelibter
- Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Minelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni Addolorata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ramírez-Sánchez AD, Tan IL, Gonera-de Jong B, Visschedijk MC, Jonkers I, Withoff S. Molecular Biomarkers for Celiac Disease: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8528. [PMID: 33198309 PMCID: PMC7697360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a complex immune-mediated disorder that is triggered by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. CeD is characterized by inflammation and villous atrophy of the small intestine, which can lead to gastrointestinal complaints, malnutrition, and malignancies. Currently, diagnosis of CeD relies on serology (antibodies against transglutaminase and endomysium) and small-intestinal biopsies. Since small-intestinal biopsies require invasive upper-endoscopy, and serology cannot predict CeD in an early stage or be used for monitoring disease after initiation of a gluten-free diet, the search for non-invasive biomarkers is ongoing. Here, we summarize current and up-and-coming non-invasive biomarkers that may be able to predict, diagnose, and monitor the progression of CeD. We further discuss how current and emerging techniques, such as (single-cell) transcriptomics and genomics, can be used to uncover the pathophysiology of CeD and identify non-invasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón D. Ramírez-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.D.R.-S.); (I.L.T.); (I.J.)
| | - Ineke L. Tan
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.D.R.-S.); (I.L.T.); (I.J.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - B.C. Gonera-de Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, 9401 RK Assen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marijn C. Visschedijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Iris Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.D.R.-S.); (I.L.T.); (I.J.)
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.D.R.-S.); (I.L.T.); (I.J.)
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Ma Y, Wen X, Kong Y, Chen C, Yang M, He S, Wang J, Wang C. Identification of New Peptide Biomarkers for Bacterial Bloodstream Infection. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 14:e1900075. [PMID: 31579992 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to a lack of effective early diagnostic measures, new diagnostic methods for bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are urgently needed. A protein-peptide profiling approach can be used to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers of BSIs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, MALDI-TOF MS and nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS are used to analyze serum peptides. In addition, GO and network analyses are conducted as a means of analyzing these potential protein markers. Finally, the potential biomarkers are verified in independent clinical samples via ELISA. RESULTS m/z 1533.8, 2794.3, 3597.3, 5007.3, and 7816.7 reveal an identical trend; the intensity of m/z 1533.8, 2794.3, and 3597.3 are higher in the infection group relative to controls, whereas the intensity of m/z 5007.3 and 7816.7 are lower in the infection group. Four peaks are successfully identified including ITIH4, KNG1, SAA2, and C3. GO and network analyses find these proteins to form an interaction network, which may be correlated with BSI. ELISA results indicate that ITIH4, KNG1, and SAA2 are effective in differentiating infected from normal control group and the febrile group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These biomarkers have the potential to offer new insights into the signaling networks underlying the development and progression of BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shang He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Businge CB, Longo-Mbenza B, Adeniyi OV, Muaka MM, Lelo GM, Nkanga MSN, Kavembe JM, Buassa-bu-Tsumbu B, Kabangu JRM, Ter Goon D. Diagnostic performance of several biomarkers for identification of cases of non-communicable diseases among Central Africans. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:909-916. [PMID: 30766554 PMCID: PMC6354856 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study determined the diagnostic performance of new biomarkers for a composite diagnosis of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Central Africans. Methods This case-control study was conducted at LOMO Medical Centre, Kinshasa, DR Congo (DRC) between January – December, 2008. The cases comprised 226 participants with concurrent presence of at least 2 or more of NCDs. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured while blood samples were assayed for biomarkers. The receiver operating characteristics curve and the logistic regression model were applied. Results Serum selenium (Se) had specificity and sensitivity of 72.4% and 91.1%, respectively with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.802; Nitric oxide (NO) (specificity: 72.4%; sensitivity: 93.0%) (AUC = 0.800); Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels > 6 Mu/L (specificity: 75%; sensitivity: 65%) (AUC = 0.0.727); serum calcium levels of ≥ 110g/L (specificity: 76%; sensitivity: 75%) (AUC = 0.822); and daily salt intake of ≥10 g/day (specificity: 75%; sensitivity: 67%) (AUC = 0.653) in the diagnosis of all NCDs, which were all highly significant (<0.0001). Conclusion Serum Se, NO, calcium, TSH and daily salt intake had high diagnostic performance as biomarkers for identification of patients with concurrent NCDs in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Ter Goon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa
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Fu S, Luo L, Ye P, Xiao W. Multimarker Analysis for New Biomarkers in Relation to Central Arterial Stiffness and Hemodynamics in a Chinese Community-Dwelling Population. Angiology 2015; 66:950-6. [PMID: 25883364 DOI: 10.1177/0003319715573910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics independently reflect the risk of cardiovascular events. This Chinese community-based analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships of new biomarkers with central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics by a multimarker method. This analysis consisted of 1540 participants who were fully tested for the new biomarkers including N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, lipid accumulation product, triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG-HDL-c) ratio, uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and homocysteine. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), central pulse pressure (cPP), and central augmentation index (cAIx) were measured. The median (range) age of entire cohort was 62 years (21-96 years), and 40.5% were males. The median (interquartile range) of cfPWV, cPP, and cAIx was 11.0 m/s (9.6-13.0 m/s), 42 mm Hg (35-52 mm Hg), and 28% (21%-33%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, participants with higher cfPWV had significantly higher age, peripheral pulse pressure, TG, TG-HDL-c ratio, and homocysteine levels compared with others (P < .05 for all). Multimarker analysis in a Chinese community-dwelling population reinforced the potential clinical value of plasma TG-HDL-c ratio and homocysteine levels as the biomarkers of increased arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Fu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China Department of Cardiology and Hainan Branch, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Luo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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