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Estrada-Soto S, Ornelas-Mendoza K, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Chávez-Silva F, Almanza-Pérez JC, Villalobos-Molina R, Ortiz-Barragán E, Loza-Rodríguez H, Rivera-Leyva JC, Flores-Flores A, Perea-Arango I, Rodríguez-Carpena JG, Ávila-Villarreal G. Insulin Sensitization by PPARγ and GLUT-4 Overexpression/Translocation Mediates the Antidiabetic Effect of Plantago australis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040535. [PMID: 37111292 PMCID: PMC10143998 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantago australis Lam. Subsp. hirtella (Kunth) Rahn is a medicinal plant used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, throat cancer treatment and for the control of diabetes. P. australis was collected in the state of Morelos, México. The hydroalcoholic extract (HAEPa) of P. australis was obtained by maceration and concentrated in vacuo. Once dry, it was evaluated through an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normoglycemic mice and in a non-insulin-dependent diabetic mice model. The expression of PPARγ and GLUT-4 mRNA was determined by rt-PCR, and GLUT-4 translocation was confirmed by confocal microscopy. The toxicological studies were conducted in accordance with the guidelines suggested by the OECD, sections 423 and 407, with some modifications. HAEPa significantly decreased glycemia in OGTT curves, as well as in the experimental diabetes model compared to the vehicle group. In vitro tests showed that HAEPa induced an α-glucosidase inhibition and increased PPARγ and GLUT-4 expression in cell culture. The LD50 of HAEPa was greater than 2000 mg/kg, and sub-chronic toxicity studies revealed that 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days did not generate toxicity. Finally, LC-MS analysis led to the identification of verbascoside, caffeic acid and geniposidic acid, and phytochemical approaches allowed for the isolation of ursolic acid, which showed significant PPARγ overexpression and augmented GLUT-4 translocation. In conclusion, HAEPa induced significant antidiabetic action by insulin sensitization through PPARγ/GLUT-4 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Kathia Ornelas-Mendoza
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | | | - Fabiola Chávez-Silva
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Rafael Villalobos-Molina
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Erandi Ortiz-Barragán
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Hilda Loza-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Experimental, División de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcoyotl, Nezahualcoyotl 57000, Mexico
| | | | - Angélica Flores-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Irene Perea-Arango
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Javier-German Rodríguez-Carpena
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología "Unidad especializada en I+D+i en Calidad de Alimentos y Productos Naturales", Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Ávila-Villarreal
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología "Unidad especializada en I+D+i en Calidad de Alimentos y Productos Naturales", Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
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