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Andrieu C, Loiseau L, Vergnes A, Gagnot S, Barré R, Aussel L, Collet JF, Ezraty B. Salmonella Typhimurium uses the Cpx stress response to detect N-chlorotaurine and promote the repair of oxidized proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215997120. [PMID: 36976766 PMCID: PMC10083560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215997120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria constitutes the first protective barrier between a cell and its environment. During host infection, the bacterial envelope is subjected to several stresses, including those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) produced by immune cells. Among RCS, N-chlorotaurine (N-ChT), which results from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and taurine, is a powerful and less diffusible oxidant. Here, using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that Salmonella Typhimurium uses the CpxRA two-component system to detect N-ChT oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrP) is part of the Cpx regulon. Our findings demonstrate that MsrP is required to cope with N-ChT stress by repairing N-ChT-oxidized proteins in the bacterial envelope. By characterizing the molecular signal that induces Cpx when S. Typhimurium is exposed to N-ChT, we show that N-ChT triggers Cpx in an NlpE-dependent manner. Thus, our work establishes a direct link between N-ChT oxidative stress and the envelope stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Andrieu
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Loiseau
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Vergnes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Gagnot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Romain Barré
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Plate-forme Transcriptomique, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Aussel
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | | | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
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Sun X, Wang P, Jia X, Huo L, Che R, Ma F. Improvement of drought tolerance by overexpressing MdATG18a is mediated by modified antioxidant system and activated autophagy in transgenic apple. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:545-557. [PMID: 28703378 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.2018.16.issue-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major and conserved pathway for delivering and recycling unwanted proteins or damaged organelles to be degraded in the vacuoles. AuTophaGy-related (ATG) protein 18a has been established as one of the essential components for autophagy occurrence in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously cloned the ATG18a homolog from Malus domestica (MdATG18a) and monitored its responsiveness to various abiotic stresses at the transcriptional level. However, it is still unclear what its function is under abiotic stress in apple. Here, we found that heterologous expression of MdATG18a in tomato plants markedly enhanced their tolerance to drought. Overexpression (OE) of that gene in apple plants improved their drought tolerance as well. Under drought conditions, the photosynthesis rate and antioxidant capacity were significantly elevated in OE lines when compared with the untransformed wild type (WT). Transcript levels of other important apple ATG genes were more strongly up-regulated in transgenic MdATG18a OE lines than in the WT. The percentage of insoluble protein in proportion to total protein was lower and less oxidized protein accumulated in the OE lines than in the WT under drought stress. This was probably due to more autophagosomes being formed in the former. These results demonstrate that overexpression of MdATG18a in apple plants enhances their tolerance to drought stress, probably because of greater autophagosome production and a higher frequency of autophagy. Those processes help degrade protein aggregation and limit the oxidation damage, thereby suggesting that autophagy plays important roles in the drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liuqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runmin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Sun X, Wang P, Jia X, Huo L, Che R, Ma F. Improvement of drought tolerance by overexpressing MdATG18a is mediated by modified antioxidant system and activated autophagy in transgenic apple. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:545-557. [PMID: 28703378 PMCID: PMC5787838 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major and conserved pathway for delivering and recycling unwanted proteins or damaged organelles to be degraded in the vacuoles. AuTophaGy-related (ATG) protein 18a has been established as one of the essential components for autophagy occurrence in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously cloned the ATG18a homolog from Malus domestica (MdATG18a) and monitored its responsiveness to various abiotic stresses at the transcriptional level. However, it is still unclear what its function is under abiotic stress in apple. Here, we found that heterologous expression of MdATG18a in tomato plants markedly enhanced their tolerance to drought. Overexpression (OE) of that gene in apple plants improved their drought tolerance as well. Under drought conditions, the photosynthesis rate and antioxidant capacity were significantly elevated in OE lines when compared with the untransformed wild type (WT). Transcript levels of other important apple ATG genes were more strongly up-regulated in transgenic MdATG18a OE lines than in the WT. The percentage of insoluble protein in proportion to total protein was lower and less oxidized protein accumulated in the OE lines than in the WT under drought stress. This was probably due to more autophagosomes being formed in the former. These results demonstrate that overexpression of MdATG18a in apple plants enhances their tolerance to drought stress, probably because of greater autophagosome production and a higher frequency of autophagy. Those processes help degrade protein aggregation and limit the oxidation damage, thereby suggesting that autophagy plays important roles in the drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Liuqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Runmin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Cheng F, Yin LL, Zhou J, Xia XJ, Shi K, Yu JQ, Zhou YH, Foyer CH. Interactions between 2-Cys peroxiredoxins and ascorbate in autophagosome formation during the heat stress response in Solanum lycopersicum. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:1919-33. [PMID: 26834179 PMCID: PMC4783371 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-CPs) function in the removal of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides but their precise roles in the induction of autophagy have not been characterized. Here we show that heat stress, which is known to induce oxidative stress, leads to the simultaneous accumulation of transcripts encoding 2-CPs and autophagy proteins, as well as autophagosomes, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of the tomato peroxiredoxin genes 2-CP1, 2-CP2, and 2-CP1/2 resulted in an increased sensitivity of tomato plants to heat stress. Silencing 2-CP2 or 2-CP1/2 increased the levels of transcripts associated with ascorbate biosynthesis but had no effect on the glutathione pool in the absence of stress. However, the heat-induced accumulation of transcripts associated with the water-water cycle was compromised by the loss of 2-CP1/2 functions. The transcript levels of autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7 were higher in plants with impaired 2-CP1/2 functions, and the formation of autophagosomes increased, together with an accumulation of oxidized and insoluble proteins. Silencing of ATG5 or ATG7 increased the levels of 2-CP transcripts and protein but decreased heat stress tolerance. These results demonstrate that 2-CPs fulfil a pivotal role in heat stress tolerance in tomato, via interactions with ascorbate-dependent pathways and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Yin
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Christine Helen Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Wang P, Sun X, Wang N, Tan DX, Ma F. Melatonin enhances the occurrence of autophagy induced by oxidative stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:479-89. [PMID: 25788022 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect that melatonin has against mitochondrial dysfunctioning seems to be linked to mitophagy. Roles for melatonin have been demonstrated in promoting health and preventing disease, as well as activating the process of autophagy in general. However, no reports have been made about how the application of melatonin regulates that process when plants are exposed to oxidative stress. We investigated the influence of different concentrations of melatonin (0.0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 50.0 μm) on autophagy under methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress. Arabidopsis seedlings that were pretreated with 5 or 10 μm melatonin underwent relatively strong induction of autophagy, as evidenced by the number of monodansylcadaverine (MDC)-stained autophagosomes in root samples. Pretreatment with 10 μm melatonin also alleviated MV-induced photo-oxidation damage and significantly reduced the accumulation of oxidized proteins. Those responses might have been due to the strong upregulation of genes that involved in AtATG8-PE conjugation pathway, which enhanced the capacity for autophagy. Histochemical staining revealed that both O2-· and H2 O2 were highly accumulated upon MV exposure, although the response did not differ significantly between control and melatonin-pretreated seedlings. By contrast, exogenous melatonin upregulated the expression of two genes for H2 O2 -scavenging enzymes, that is, AtAPX1 and AtCATs. The activation of autophagy by melatonin without an alteration in ROS production may be part of a survival mechanism that is enhanced by melatonin after cellular damage. Therefore, it represents a second level of defense to remove damaged proteins when antioxidant activities are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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