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Alanazi AA, Abdulaziz F, Alyami M, Alotibi S, Sakka S, Mallouh SA, Abu-Zurayk R, Alshaaer M. The Effect of Full-Scale Exchange of Ca 2+ with Zn 2+ Ions on the Crystal Structure of Brushite and Its Phase Composition. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:333. [PMID: 37622938 PMCID: PMC10452532 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of a complete exchange of Ca2+ with Zn2+ ions on the structure of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O), which might be advantageous in the production process of CaxZn1-xHPO4·nH2O. To acquire the starting solutions needed for the current study, (NH4)2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O were utilized in several molar concentrations. The findings indicate that Ca is partly substituted by Zn when the Zn/Ca molar ratio is below 0.25 and that Zn doping hinders the crystallization of brushite. A continued increase in the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 1 (at which point the supersaturation of the Zn solution rises) led to a biphasic compound of monoclinic brushite and parascholzite precipitate. Elevating the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 1.5 resulted in a precipitate of a parascholzite-like mineral. Finally, increasing the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 4 and above resulted in the formation of the hopeite mineral. Future biomaterial production with specific and bespoke characteristics can be achieved by adjusting the Zn/Ca ratio in the starting solution. It Rhas been established that the Zn/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be adjusted to obtain minerals with specific compositions. Thus, new synthesis methods for parascholzite and hopeite were introduced for the first time in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A. Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad Abdulaziz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Alyami
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Satam Alotibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Salah Sakka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saida Abu Mallouh
- Nanotechnology Center-Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.A.M.); (R.A.-Z.)
| | - Rund Abu-Zurayk
- Nanotechnology Center-Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.A.M.); (R.A.-Z.)
| | - Mazen Alshaaer
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.A.)
- Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions (MEMC), Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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