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Lepsøe MR, Dalevold AG, Gundersen LL. Selective C-7 Functionalization of Phenanthridines by Microwave-Assisted Claisen Rearrangements of 8-Allyloxyphenanthridines. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300095. [PMID: 37480187 PMCID: PMC10362114 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond formation in the phenanthridine 7-position was achieved by microwave-assisted Claisen rearrangement of 8-allyloxyphenanthridines. The reactions took place with excellent regioselectivity and high chemical yields. If the 7-position was substituted, rearrangement to C-9 took place, but the reaction occurred less readily. Rearrangements of 8-allyloxy-5,6-dihydrophenanthridines (phenanthridines with a saturated B-ring) gave a mixture of 7- and 9-substituted products. The experimental results were supported by DFT (density functional theory) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lise-Lotte Gundersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
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Ntsimango S, Ngwira KJ, Bode ML, de Koning CB. Synthesis of phenanthridines via a novel photochemically-mediated cyclization and application to the synthesis of triphaeridine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2340-2347. [PMID: 34621397 PMCID: PMC8450941 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Readily synthesized biphenyl-2-carbaldehyde O-acetyl oximes were exposed to UV radiation affording phenanthridines. The scope and limitations of this novel reaction were explored. For example, exposure of 2',3'-dimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbaldehyde O-acetyl oxime to UV radiation afforded 4-methoxyphenanthridine in 54% yield. This methodology was applied to the synthesis of trisphaeridine to afford the product in four linear steps in an overall yield of 6.5% from 1-bromo-2,4,5-trimethoxybenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songeziwe Ntsimango
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy J Ngwira
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moira L Bode
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles B de Koning
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nagode SB, Kant R, Rastogi N. Hantzsch Ester-Mediated Synthesis of Phenanthridines under Visible-Light Irradiation. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3513-3518. [PMID: 32935472 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photocatalytic synthesis of phenanthridines mediated by an organo-photoredox initiator Hantzsch ester has been developed via denitrogenative intramolecular annulation of benzotriazolyl chalcones. The highly reducing photoactivated Hantzsch ester facilitates the transformation of benzotriazolyl chalcones into phenanthridinyl chalcones through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. The mild reaction conditions utilizing inexpensive Hantzsch ester as photosensitizer, wide reaction scope and excellent functional group tolerance are notable attributes of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita B Nagode
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, JankipuramExtension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, JankipuramExtension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Kos M, Žádný J, Storch J, Církva V, Cuřínová P, Sýkora J, Císařová I, Kuriakose F, Alabugin IV. Oxidative Photocyclization of Aromatic Schiff Bases in Synthesis of Phenanthridines and Other Aza-PAHs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165868. [PMID: 32824231 PMCID: PMC7461585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative photocyclization of aromatic Schiff bases was investigated as a potential method for synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives, biologically active compounds with medical applications. Although it is possible to prepare the desired phenanthridines using such an approach, the reaction has to be performed in the presence of acid and TEMPO to increase reaction rate and yield. The reaction kinetics was studied on a series of substituted imines covering the range from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating substituents. It was found that imines with electron-withdrawing substituents react one order of magnitude faster than imines bearing electron-donating groups. The 1H NMR monitoring of the reaction course showed that a significant part of the Z isomer in the reaction is transformed into E isomer which is more prone to photocyclization. The portion of the Z isomer transformed showed a linear correlation to the Hammett substituent constants. The reaction scope was expanded towards synthesis of larger aromatic systems, namely to the synthesis of strained aromatic systems, e.g., helicenes. In this respect, it was found that the scope of oxidative photocyclization of aromatic imines is limited to the formation of no more than five ortho-fused aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Jaroslav Žádný
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
| | - Vladimír Církva
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.Ž.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Igor. V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (J.S.); (I.V.A.)
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Del Tito A, Abdulla HO, Ravelli D, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Photocatalyzed syntheses of phenanthrenes and their aza-analogues. A review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1476-1488. [PMID: 32647549 PMCID: PMC7323630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrenes and their aza-analogues have important applications in materials science and in medicine. Aim of this review is to collect recent reports describing their synthesis, which make use of radical cyclizations promoted by a visible light-triggered photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Del Tito
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Havall Othman Abdulla
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Davide Ravelli
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Lasák P, Motyka K, Kryštof V, Stýskala J. Synthesis, Bacteriostatic and Anticancer Activity of Novel Phenanthridines Structurally Similar to Benzo[c]phenanthridine Alkaloids. Molecules 2018; 23:E2155. [PMID: 30150591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis, antibacterial and anticancer evaluation of 38 novel phenanthridines that were designed as analogs of the benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids. The prepared phenanthridines differ from the benzo[c]phenanthridines in the absence of a benzene A-ring. All novel compounds were prepared from 6-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in several synthetic steps through reduction of Schiff bases and accomplished by radical cyclization. Twelve derivatives showed high antibacterial activity against Bacillussubtilis, Micrococcusluteus and/or Mycobacteriumvaccae at single digit micromolar concentrations. Some compounds also displayed cytotoxicity against the K-562 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines at as low as single digit micromolar concentrations and were more potent than chelerythrine and sanguinarine. The active compounds caused cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells, increased levels of p53 protein and caused apoptosis-specific fragmentation of PARP-1. Biological activity was connected especially with the presence of the N-methyl quaternary nitrogen and 7-benzyloxy substitution (compounds 7i, 7j, 7k, and 7l) of phenanthridine.
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Liu X, Qing Z, Cheng P, Zheng X, Zeng J, Xie H. Metal-Free Photoredox Catalyzed Cyclization of O-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)oximes to Phenanthridines. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121690. [PMID: 27941654 PMCID: PMC6273968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-free visible-light photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular cyclization reaction of O-2,4-dinitrophenyl oximes to phenanthridines was developed. In this study, the organic dye eosin Y and i-Pr2NEt were used as photocatalyst and terminal reductant, respectively. The oxime substrates were transformed into iminyl radical intermediates by single-electron reduction, which then underwent intermolecular homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) reactions to give phenanthridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Liu
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhixing Qing
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Pi Cheng
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Hongqi Xie
- National and Provincial Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Yuan YC, Liu HL, Hu XB, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-Light-Induced Trifluoromethylation of Isonitrile-Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes: Facile Access to 6-(Trifluoromethyl)-7,8-Dihydrobenzo[k]phenanthridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2016; 22:13059-63. [PMID: 27433794 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new visible-light-induced trifluoromethylation of isonitrile-substituted methylenecyclopropanes is developed. A range of substituted 6-(trifluoromethyl)-7,8-dihydrobenzo[k]phenanthridine derivatives are readily furnished by this newly developed tandem reaction with moderate to good yields. This reaction allows the direct formation of two six-membered rings and three new C-C bonds, including the C-CF3 bond, under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
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