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Zurnacı M, Şener İ, Gür M, Şener N. Organic fluorescent compounds based on phenanthroimidazole: A review of highlight studies. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:1690-1701. [PMID: 37491075 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds containing phenanthroimidazole, and its optical, thermal, chemical, and high fluorescence, have drawn the interest of numerous researchers. Phenanthroimidazole derivatives are appealing for various applications due to these characteristics. This research provides a summary of the general information contained in studies on the synthesis, characterization, photophysical characteristics, and possible applications of phenanthroimidazole derivative compounds. The focus of this study revolves around the topic of utilization in technological fields such as sensors, solar cells, optical brighteners, and organic light-emitting diodes, and covers significant studies on mentioned topics. We anticipate that this study will provide an outline for researchers aiming to further examine fluorescent organic compounds for technological innovations. Furthermore, we anticipate that this research will be crucial in developing long-term high-organic compounds for optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zurnacı
- Central Research Laboratory, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - İzzet Şener
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gür
- Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Şener
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Li Y, Jiang L, Liu W, Xu S, Li TY, Fries F, Zeika O, Zou Y, Ramanan C, Lenk S, Scholz R, Andrienko D, Feng X, Leo K, Reineke S. Reduced Intrinsic Non-Radiative Losses Allow Room-Temperature Triplet Emission from Purely Organic Emitters. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101844. [PMID: 34365677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence from triplet excitons in organic molecules is rare, as fast non-radiative deactivation typically dominates over radiative transitions. This work demonstrates that the substitution of a hydrogen atom in a derivative of phenanthroimidazole with an N-phenyl ring can substantially stabilize the excited state. This stabilization converts an organic material without phosphorescence emission into a molecular system exhibiting efficient and ultralong afterglow phosphorescence at room temperature. Results from systematic photophysical investigations, kinetic modeling, excited-state dynamic modeling, and single-crystal structure analysis identify that the long-lived triplets originate from a reduction of intrinsic non-radiative molecular relaxations. Further modification of the N-phenyl ring with halogen atoms affects the afterglow lifetime and quantum yield. As a proof-of-concept, an anticounterfeiting device is demonstrated with a time-dependent Morse code feature for data encryption based on these emitters. A fundamental design principle is outlined to achieve long-lived and emissive triplet states by suppressing intrinsic non-radiative relaxations in the form of molecular vibrations or rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lihui Jiang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunqi Xu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Fries
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Zeika
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingping Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Lenk
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Tang X, Liu H, Xu L, Xu X, He X, Liu F, Chen J, Peng Q. Achieving High Efficiency at High Luminance in Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes through Triplet-Triplet Fusion Based on Phenanthroimidazole-Benzothiadiazole Derivatives. Chemistry 2021; 27:13828-13839. [PMID: 34291514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Achieving high efficiency at high luminance is one of the most important prerequisites towards practical application of any kind of light-emitting diode (LED). Herein, we report highly emissive organic fluorescent molecules based on phenanthroimidazole-benzothiadiazole derivatives capable of maintaining high external quantum efficiency (EQE) at high luminance enabled by triplet-triplet fusion (TTF) in doped organic LEDs. The PIBzP-, PIBzPCN-, and PIBzTPA-based devices showed EQEs of 8.27, 9.15, and 8.64 %, respectively, at luminance of higher than 1000 cd m-2 , with little efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuehui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Futong Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, 211816, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Tang SS, Yang GX, Zhu JJ, He X, Jian JX, Lu F, Tong QX. Multifunctional Materials Serving as Efficient Non-Doped Violet-Blue Emitters and Host Materials for Phosphorescence. Chemistry 2021; 27:9102-9111. [PMID: 33871880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Efficient multifunctional materials acting as violet-blue emitters, as well as host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs, are crucial but rare due to demand that they should have high first singlet state (S1 ) energy and first triplet state (T1 ) energy simultaneously. In this study, two new violet-blue bipolar fluorophores, TPA-PI-SBF and SBF-PI-SBF, were designed and synthesized by introducing the hole transporting moiety triphenylamine (TPA) and spirobifluorene (SBF) unit that has high T1 into high deep blue emission quantum yield group phenanthroimidazole (PI). As the results, the non-doped OLEDs based on TPA-PI-SBF exhibited excellent EL performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 6.76 % and a violet-blue emission with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) of (0.152, 0.059). The device based on SBF-PI-SBF displayed EQEmax of 6.19 % with CIE of (0.159, 0.049), which nearly matches the CIE coordinates of the violet-blue emitters standard of (0.131, 0.046). These EL performances are comparable to the best reported non-doped deep or violet-blue emissive OLEDs with CIEy<0.06 in recent years. Additionally, the green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs with TPA-PI-SBF and SBF-PI-SBF as host materials achieved a high EQEmax of about 20 % and low efficiency roll-off at the ultra-high luminance of 10 000 cd m-2 . These results provided a new construction strategy for designing high-performance violet-blue emitters, as well as efficient host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shun Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ji Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xin Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
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Tagare J, Verma N, Tarafder K, Vaidyanathan S. Phenanthroimidazole-based chromophores for organic light-emitting diodes: synthesis, photophysical, and theoretical study. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:1338-1349. [PMID: 32510860 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) are gaining attention and making a significant contribution to the area of lighting and displays technology. The synthesis of new materials that can act as a host as well as emissive materials is crucial and efforts have been made in this direction in this research. Here, four star-shaped fluorophores, with a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure and with triphenylamine and phenanthroimidazole groups with different substitutions at the N1 position of the imidazole moiety, were designed and synthesized. Synthesized fluorophores showed sufficient thermal stability (10% Td in the range 230-280°C). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra of the fluorophores showed multiple absorption bands (bands in the UV region, due to π-π* transitions of the conjugated aromatic portion) and all fluorophores showed blue emission in dichloromethane solution. Electrochemical analysis indicated that all fluorophores had excellent oxidation and reduction characteristics. Theoretical calculations were also performed to better understand the structural and electronic properties of the synthesized fluorophores. All fluorophores had higher triplet (T1 ) energy (ranging from 2.49-2.52 eV) than the widely used green (Ir(ppy)3 -2.4 eV) and red (Ir (piq)2 acac - 2.2 eV) dopant materials. These results indicated that these fluorophores would be useful as host materials for efficient green and red phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairam Tagare
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niraj Verma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Kartick Tarafder
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, India
| | - Sivakumar Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
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Monterde C, Pintado-Sierra M, Navarro R, Sánchez F, Iglesias M. Effective Approach toward Conjugated Porous Organic Frameworks Based on Phenanthrene Building Blocks: Metal-Free Heterogeneous Photocatalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:15108-15114. [PMID: 32138517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a simple approach for the preparation of new photo-active conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) based on phenanthrene building blocks with a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. Starting from 2,7-diiodophenanthrene-9,10-dione and its bis-dioxolane derivative with different alkynyl comonomers, we prepared a series of CPPs by C-C Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling activated by microwaves. Moreover, we demonstrated that these functionalized CPPs after hydrolysis to the corresponding diketones show much higher BET surface areas than those obtained directly from the phenanthrene-9,10-dione monomer. Reaction of diketone-hydrolyzed polymers with 2,4-difluoro-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde yields phenantroimidazole derivatives. Indeed, these structurally robust polymers result in efficient, recyclable, heterogeneous photo-organocatalysts for the aza-Henry reaction (C-H functionalization) induced by visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monterde
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, C/ Bravo Murillo, 38, Madrid 28015, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Félix Sánchez
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Marta Iglesias
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Monterde C, Navarro R, Iglesias M, Sánchez F. Fluorine- Phenanthroimidazole Porous Organic Polymer: Efficient Microwave Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3459-3465. [PMID: 30545213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A porous polymer containing a fluorophenylphenanthroimidazole core was easily prepared via one-pot Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions under microwave heating. These new metal-free polymers have demonstrated heterogeneous photocatalytic activity toward aza-Henry reaction with reasonable recyclability. Their preparation require a minimal workup to build porous networks with control over the apparent surface area and pore volume from suitable molecular building blocks containing 2-(1 H-phenanthro[9,10- d]imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-difluorophenol (PhIm-2F), as rigid and multitopic node, which afforded a conjugated porous polymer (CPP-PhIm-2F). A series of fluorinated ligands have shown their capability in the preparation of soluble and supported cationic Ru(bpy)2(F-phenanthroimidazole) complexes by reaction with Ru(bpy)2Cl2 and demonstrating a beneficial effect of two fluorine atoms on the photocatalytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monterde
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid , CSIC , c/ Sor Juana Inés de la cruz, 3 , Madrid , Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED, EIUNED , C/ Bravo Murillo, 38 , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Marta Iglesias
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid , CSIC , c/ Sor Juana Inés de la cruz, 3 , Madrid , Spain
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Liu B, Yuan Y, He D, Huang DY, Luo CY, Zhu ZL, Lu F, Tong QX, Lee CS. High-Performance Blue OLEDs Based on Phenanthroimidazole Emitters via Substitutions at the C6- and C9-Positions for Improving Exciton Utilization. Chemistry 2016; 22:12130-7. [PMID: 27412733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular architecture has been shown to be an effective strategy for obtaining high-performance electroluminescent materials. In this work, two D-A molecules, Ph-BPA-BPI and Py-BPA-BPI, have been synthesized by attaching highly fluorescent phenanthrene or pyrene groups to the C6- and C9-positions of a locally excited-state emitting phenylamine-phenanthroimidazole moiety. Equipped with good physical and hybridized local and charge-transfer properties, both molecules show high performances as blue emitters in nondoped organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). An OLED using Ph-BPA-BPI as the emitting layer exhibits deep-blue emission with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.08), and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE), current efficiency (CE), and power efficiency (PE) of 4.56 %, 3.60 cd A(-1) , and 3.66 lm W(-1) , respectively. On the other hand, a Py-BPA-BPI-based, sky-blue OLED delivers the best results among nondoped OLEDs with CIEy values of < 0.3 reported so far, for which a very low turn-on voltage of 2.15 V, CIE coordinates of (0.17, 0.29), and maximum CE, PE, and EQE values of 10.9 cd A(-1) , 10.5 lm W(-1) , and 5.64 %, were achieved, respectively. More importantly, both devices show little or even no efficiency roll-off and high singlet exciton-utilizing efficiencies of 36.2 % for Ph-BPA-BPI and 39.2 % for Py-BPA-BPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China.,Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - De-Yue Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China.,Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
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