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Zhang M, Huang P, Zheng W, Song X, Shang X, Zhang W, Yang D, Yi X, Chen X. Lanthanide-Doped KMgF 3 Upconversion Nanoparticles for Photon Avalanche Luminescence with Giant Nonlinearities. Nano Lett 2023; 23:8576-8584. [PMID: 37683074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped photon avalanche (PA) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have great prospects in many advanced technologies; however, realizing efficient PA luminescence in Ln3+-doped UCNPs remains challenging due to the deleterious surface and lattice quenching effect. Herein, we report a unique strategy based on the pyrolysis of KHF2 for the controlled synthesis of aliovalent Ln3+-doped KMgF3 UCNPs, which can effectively protect Ln3+ from luminescence quenching by surface and internal OH- defects and thereby boost upconversion luminescence. This enables us to realize efficient PA luminescence from Tm3+ at 802 nm in KMgF3: Tm3+ UCNPs upon 1064 nm excitation, with a giant nonlinearity of ∼27, a PA response time of 281 ms, and an excitation threshold of 16.6 kW cm-2. This work may open up a new avenue for exploring highly nonlinear PA luminescence through aliovalent Ln3+ doping and crystal lattice engineering toward diverse emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiran Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorong Song
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaodong Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Skripka A, Lee M, Qi X, Pan JA, Yang H, Lee C, Schuck PJ, Cohen BE, Jaque D, Chan EM. A Generalized Approach to Photon Avalanche Upconversion in Luminescent Nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2023; 23:7100-7106. [PMID: 37471584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Photon avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs) exhibit extremely nonlinear upconverted emission valuable for subdiffraction imaging, nanoscale sensing, and optical computing. Avalanching has been demonstrated with Tm3+-, Pr3+-, or Nd3+-doped nanocrystals, but their emission is limited to a few wavelengths and materials. Here, we utilize Gd3+-assisted energy migration to tune the emission wavelengths of Tm3+-sensitized ANPs and generate highly nonlinear emission from Eu3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, and Er3+ ions. The upconversion intensities of these spectrally discrete ANPs scale with nonlinearity factor s = 10-17 under 1064 nm excitation at power densities as low as 7 kW cm-2. This strategy for imprinting avalanche behavior on remote emitters can be extended to fluorophores adjacent to ANPs, as we demonstrate with CdS/CdSe/CdS core/shell/shell quantum dots. ANPs with rationally designed energy transfer networks provide the means to transform conventional linear emitters into a highly nonlinear ones, expanding the use of photon avalanching in biological, chemical, and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artiom Skripka
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Minji Lee
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiao Qi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jia-Ahn Pan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haoran Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Changhwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California, 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Levy ES, Tajon CA, Bischof TS, Iafrati J, Fernandez-Bravo A, Garfield DJ, Chamanzar M, Maharbiz MM, Sohal VS, Schuck PJ, Cohen BE, Chan EM. Energy-Looping Nanoparticles: Harnessing Excited-State Absorption for Deep-Tissue Imaging. ACS Nano 2016; 10:8423-33. [PMID: 27603228 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) microscopy enables noninvasive imaging in tissue, particularly in the NIR-II spectral range (1000-1400 nm) where attenuation due to tissue scattering and absorption is minimized. Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanocrystals are promising deep-tissue imaging probes due to their photostable emission in the visible and NIR, but these materials are not efficiently excited at NIR-II wavelengths due to the dearth of lanthanide ground-state absorption transitions in this window. Here, we develop a class of lanthanide-doped imaging probes that harness an energy-looping mechanism that facilitates excitation at NIR-II wavelengths, such as 1064 nm, that are resonant with excited-state absorption transitions but not ground-state absorption. Using computational methods and combinatorial screening, we have identified Tm(3+)-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles as efficient looping systems that emit at 800 nm under continuous-wave excitation at 1064 nm. Using this benign excitation with standard confocal microscopy, energy-looping nanoparticles (ELNPs) are imaged in cultured mammalian cells and through brain tissue without autofluorescence. The 1 mm imaging depths and 2 μm feature sizes are comparable to those demonstrated by state-of-the-art multiphoton techniques, illustrating that ELNPs are a promising class of NIR probes for high-fidelity visualization in cells and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Levy
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheryl A Tajon
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas S Bischof
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jillian Iafrati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Angel Fernandez-Bravo
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David J Garfield
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Vikaas S Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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