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Heydenreich J, Koehler K, Braun H, Grosshauser M, Heseker H, Koenig D, Lampen A, Mosler S, Niess A, Schek A, Carlsohn A. Effects of internal cooling on physical performance, physiological and perceptional parameters when exercising in the heat: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1125969. [PMID: 37113693 PMCID: PMC10126464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An elevated core temperature (Tcore) increases the risk of performance impairments and heat-related illness. Internal cooling (IC) has the potential to lower Tcore when exercising in the heat. The aim of the review was to systematically analyze the effects of IC on performance, physiological, and perceptional parameters. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database on 17 December 2021. Intervention studies were included assessing the effects of IC on performance, physiological, or perceptional outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted for the included literature. The standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using the inverse-variance method and a random-effects model. Results: 47 intervention studies involving 486 active subjects (13.7% female; mean age 20-42 years) were included in the meta-analysis. IC resulted in significant positive effects on time to exhaustion [SMD (95% CI) 0.40 (0.13; 0.67), p < 0.01]. IC significantly reduced Tcore [-0.19 (22120.34; -0.05), p < 0.05], sweat rate [-0.20 (-0.34; -0.06), p < 0.01], thermal sensation [-0.17 (-0.33; -0.01), p < 0.05], whereas no effects were found on skin temperature, blood lactate, and thermal comfort (p > 0.05). IC resulted in a borderline significant reduction in time trial performance [0.31 (-0.60; -0.02), p = 0.06], heart rate [-0.13 (-0.27; 0.01), p = 0.06], rate of perceived exertion [-0.16 (-0.31; -0.00), p = 0.05] and borderline increased mean power output [0.22 (0.00; 0.44), p = 0.05]. Discussion: IC has the potential to affect endurance performance and selected physiological and perceptional parameters positively. However, its effectiveness depends on the method used and the time point of administration. Future research should confirm the laboratory-based results in the field setting and involve non-endurance activities and female athletes. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022336623.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Juliane Heydenreich,
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mareike Grosshauser
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Helmut Heseker
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Mosler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Niess
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schek
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Editorial Team of the Journal Leistungssport, German Olympic Sports Confederation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Carlsohn
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, University of Applied Science Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Saoraya J, Musikatavorn K, Puttaphaisan P, Komindr A, Srisawat N. Intensive fever control using a therapeutic normothermia protocol in patients with febrile early septic shock: A randomized feasibility trial and exploration of the immunomodulatory effects. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120928732. [PMID: 32547753 PMCID: PMC7271676 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120928732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Fever control has been shown to reduce short-term mortality in patients with
septic shock. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of early intensive
fever control in patients with septic shock and to assess the
immunomodulatory effects of this intervention. Methods: In this single-center, randomized, open-label trial, febrile patients with
septic shock presenting to the emergency department were assigned to either
a standard fever control or therapeutic normothermia group. Therapeutic
normothermia involved intensive fever control in maintaining normothermia
below 37°C. The primary outcome was the feasibility of fever control for
24 h. Secondary outcomes included changes in immunomodulatory biomarkers and
adverse events. Results: Fifteen patients were enrolled and analyzed. Fever control was comparable in
both groups, but significantly more patients in the therapeutic normothermia
group experienced shivering (p = 0.007). Both groups
demonstrated increased C-reactive protein and unchanged neutrophil
chemotaxis and CD11b expression. The therapeutic normothermia group revealed
significant decreased IL-6 and IL-10. The standard fever control group
significantly expressed increased monocytic human leukocyte antigen. There
were no significant differences between the groups in terms of
immunomodulation. Conclusions: Therapeutic normothermia was feasible in patients with febrile septic shock
but was not superior to standard fever control in terms of average body
temperature and host defense function. Shivering was more frequent in the
therapeutic normothermia group. Trial registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry number: TCTR20160321001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Saoraya
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khrongwong Musikatavorn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patima Puttaphaisan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atthasit Komindr
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The CRISMA Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Feketa VV, Marrelli SP. Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by pharmacological modulation of temperature-sensitive TRP channels: theoretical framework and practical considerations. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:244-57. [PMID: 27227027 PMCID: PMC4844121 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1024383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as a remarkably effective method of neuroprotection from ischemia and is being increasingly used in clinics. Accordingly, it is also a subject of considerable attention from a basic scientific research perspective. One of the fundamental problems, with which current studies are concerned, is the optimal method of inducing hypothermia. This review seeks to provide a broad theoretical framework for approaching this problem, and to discuss how a novel promising strategy of pharmacological modulation of the thermosensitive ion channels fits into this framework. Various physical, anatomical, physiological and molecular aspects of thermoregulation, which provide the foundation for this text, have been comprehensively reviewed and will not be discussed exhaustively here. Instead, the first part of the current review, which may be helpful for a broader readership outside of thermoregulation research, will build on this existing knowledge to outline possible opportunities and research directions aimed at controlling body temperature. The second part, aimed at a more specialist audience, will highlight the conceptual advantages and practical limitations of novel molecular agents targeting thermosensitive Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels in achieving this goal. Two particularly promising members of this channel family, namely TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), will be discussed in greater detail.
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Key Words
- DMH, dorso-medial hypothalamus
- MPA, medial preoptic area of hypothalamus
- TRP, Transient Receptor Potential
- TRPA1, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1
- TRPM8, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8
- TRPV1, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1
- TRPV2, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 2
- TRPV3, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3
- TRPV4, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4
- ThermoTRPs
- ThermoTRPs, Thermosensitive Transient Receptor Potential cation channels
- body temperature
- core temperature
- pharmacological hypothermia
- physical cooling
- rMR, rostral medullary raphe region
- therapeutic hypothermia
- thermopharmacology
- thermoregulation
- thermosensitive ion channels
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Feketa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program; Cardiovascular Sciences Track; Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program; Cardiovascular Sciences Track; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Anesthesiology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Feketa VV, Balasubramanian A, Flores CM, Player MR, Marrelli SP. Shivering and tachycardic responses to external cooling in mice are substantially suppressed by TRPV1 activation but not by TRPM8 inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1040-50. [PMID: 24005250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00296.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild decrease of core temperature (32-34°C), also known as therapeutic hypothermia, is a highly effective strategy of neuroprotection from ischemia and holds significant promise in the treatment of stroke. However, induction of hypothermia in conscious stroke patients is complicated by cold-defensive responses, such as shivering and tachycardia. Although multiple thermoregulatory responses may be altered by modulators of thermosensitive ion channels, TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) and TRPV1 (TRP vanilloid 1), it is unknown whether these agents affect cold-induced shivering and tachycardia. The current study aimed to determine the effects of TRPM8 inhibition and TRPV1 activation on the shivering and tachycardic responses to external cooling. Conscious mice were treated with TRPM8 inhibitor compound 5 or TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) and exposed to cooling at 10°C. Shivering was measured by electromyography using implanted electrodes in back muscles, tachycardic response by electrocardiography, and core temperature by wireless transmitters in the abdominal cavity. The role of TRPM8 was further determined using TRPM8 KO mice. TRPM8 ablation had no effect on total electromyographic muscle activity (vehicle: 24.0 ± 1.8; compound 5: 23.8 ± 2.0; TRPM8 KO: 19.7 ± 1.9 V·s/min), tachycardia (ΔHR = 124 ± 31; 121 ± 13; 121 ± 31 beats/min) and drop in core temperature (-3.6 ± 0.1; -3.4 ± 0.4; -3.6 ± 0.5°C) during cold exposure. TRPV1 activation substantially suppressed muscle activity (vehicle: 25.6 ± 3.0 vs. DHC: 5.1 ± 2.0 V·s/min), tachycardia (ΔHR = 204 ± 25 vs. 3 ± 35 beats/min) and produced a profound drop in core temperature (-2.2 ± 0.6 vs. -8.9 ± 0.6°C). In conclusion, external cooling-induced shivering and tachycardia are suppressed by TRPV1 activation, but not by TRPM8 inhibition. This suggests that TRPV1 agonists may be combined with external physical cooling to achieve more rapid and effective hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Feketa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Cardiovascular Sciences Track, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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