Untargeted Metabolomics and Physicochemical Analysis Revealed the Quality Formation Mechanism in Fermented Milk Inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis and Kluyveromyces marxianus Isolated from Traditional Fermented Milk

Traditional fermented milk from the western Sichuan plateau of China has a unique flavor and rich microbial diversity. This study explored the quality formation mechanism in fermented milk inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis NZ4 and Kluyveromyces marxianus SY11 (MFM), the dominant microorganisms isolated from traditional dairy products in western nan. The results indicated that MFM displayed better overall quality than the milk fermented with L. brevis NZ4 (LFM) and K. marxianus SY11 (KFM), respectively. MFM exhibited good sensory quality, more organic acid types, more free amino acids and esters, and moderate acidity and ethanol concentrations. Non-targeted metabolomics showed a total of 885 metabolites annotated in the samples, representing 204 differential metabolites between MFM and LFM and 163 between MFM and KFM. MFM displayed higher levels of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid, cysteinyl serine, glaucarubin, and other substances. The differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and beta-alanine metabolism. This study speculated that L. brevis affected K. marxianus growth via its metabolites, while the mixed fermentation of these strains significantly changed the metabolism pathway of flavor-related substances, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, mixed fermentation modified the flavor and quality of fermented milk by affecting cell growth and metabolic pathways.

Assessment of the Quality, Chemometric and Pollen Diversity of Apis mellifera Honey from Different Seasonal Harvests

The parameters for assessing the quality of honey produced by Apis mellifera are standardized worldwide. The physicochemical properties of honey might vary extensively due to factors such as the geographical area where it was produced and the season in which it was harvested. Little information is available on variations in honey quality among different harvest periods in tropical areas, and particularly in neotropical dry forests. This study describes variations in seventeen physicochemical parameters and the pollen diversity of honey harvested from beehives during the dry season in February, March, and April 2021, in the dry arc of Panama. Potassium is the most abundant mineral in honey samples, and its concentration increases during the harvest period from February to April. A PCA analysis showed significant differences among the samples collected during different harvest periods. The pollen diversity also differs among honey samples from February compared with March and April. The results indicate that climatic conditions may play an important role in the quality of honey produced in the dry arc of Panama. Furthermore, these results might be useful for establishing quality-control parameters of bee honey produced in Panama in support of beekeeping activities in seasonal wet-dry areas of the tropics.

A multivariate approach to assessing the water quality of the Bamako reach of the Niger River in Mali as irrigation water

Agricultural production in the Bamako region has been raised, and its output quality has been questionable due to the discharge of wastewater into the Niger River. This study assessed the Niger River water body variations for irrigation application temporally and spatially. Thirteen parameters, potential of hydrogen, electrical conductivity, nitrate, total dissolved solids, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, were analyzed at the 15 sampling locations. Parameters examination indicated that most pollutants had higher concentrations over the high-flow phase than in the low-flow period. All parameters were within the Food and Agriculture Organization's recommended values levels. Irrigation variables, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium bicarbonate, Kelly's ration, permeability index, total hardness, and potential salinity showed the water samples' convenience for irrigation. However, the magnesium hazard concentration exceeded the recommended values levels. Besides, the chloroalkaline indices indicated a trend of degradation that should be addressed. Therefore, a river management plan and regular irrigation water quality monitoring are needed to reduce water hardness in Bamako. The Niger River's sustainable management process must be thrived on all actors' participation. A scientific assessment will be conducted using appropriate methods to identify pollution sources in Bamako. The results of this study will serve as a cornerstone for future investigations concerning the quality of surface water, which is essential for irrigation purposes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Human activities affected the Niger River water bodies in Bamako city. Quantitative and qualitative assessments reveal the pollution status and trend of the Niger River. The water quality trend is better in the low-flow season, which is an ideal period for vegetable production in Bamako. Most multivariate approaches indicated that the Niger River water is healthy for irrigation purposes. Magnesium hazard exceeded the standard levels, and the chloroalkaline indices indicated a trend of the Niger River water quality deterioration.

Pharmacognostical evaluation and physiochemical analysis of Salsola Kali as medicinal plant

One of the largest genera Salsola include halophytic plants with therapeutic potential. For the treatment of various ailments, plants of the genus are acclaimed. Salsola kali is an important medicinal plant exhibiting specific phytochemical and biological makeup that is frequently overlooked. The current study aimed at the pharmacognostical evaluation of leaves and stem of Salsola kali to ensure the purity, quality, and efficacy of this valuable medicinal species. For the identification, evaluation and standardization of diagnostic attributes of intact and powdered material of Salsola kali leaves and stem, various methods including organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical analysis were employed. The plant was identified to possess significant characteristics with a view to authenticate drug. Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of aerial parts of Salsola kali manifested specialized anatomical features essential for the adaptability in dry-saline environment. Upon quantitative pharmacognostic analysis of powder of leaves and stem, the moisture content of 1.3% and 11.1%, respectively was found. The total ash (%) in leaves and stem was computed to be 65.95 and 85.3, respectively. The water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values (%) were computed to be 79.38 and 75.4 in leaves and 78.0 and 76.8 in stem, respectively. The swelling index (cm) in leaves and stem was enumerated to be 0.8 and 0.5. The current study will be helpful in the quality check and authentication of various parts of Salsola kali that can be used as principal component of herbal medicine formulation. Based on various microscopic analyses, that is, Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy, the detailed description and valuable information on Salsola kali, a medicinal plant, has been provided. The present study can make a significant contribution in the literature as the findings may contribute to the determination of purity of Salsola kali for future perspectives.

Phytochemical Estimation and Therapeutic Amelioration of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Seeds Ethanolic Extract in Gastric Ulcer in Rats Possibly by Inhibiting Prostaglandin Synthesis

OBJECTIVE

To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LCMS) analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (AH) seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in rats.

METHODS

Preliminary phytochemical testing and LCMS analysis were performed according to standard methods. For treatment, the animals were divided into 7 groups including normal control, ulcer control, self-healing, AH seeds low and high doses, ranitidine and per se groups. Rats were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin, excluding the normal control group (which received 1% carboxy methyl cellulose) and the per se group (received 200 mg/kg AH seeds extract). The test group rats were then given 2 doses of AH seeds extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively), while the standard group was given ranitidine (50 mg/kg). On the 11th day, rats in all groups were sacrificed, and their stomach was isolated to calculate the ulcer index, and other parameters such as blood prostaglandin (PGE2), tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). All isolated stomach tissues were analyzed for histopathological findings.

RESULTS

The phytochemical examination shows that the AH seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic components, and glycosides. LCMS analysis confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin. The AH seeds extract showed significant improvement in gastric mucosa conditions after indomethacin-induced gastric lesions (P<0.01). Further marked improvement in blood PGE2 and antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT, MDA and GSH, were observed compared with self-healing and untreated ulcer-induced groups (P<0.01). Histopathology results confirmed that AH seeds extract improved the mucosal layer and gastric epithelial membrane in treated groups compared to untreated ulcer-induced groups.

CONCLUSIONS

LCMS report confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin in AH seeds ethanolic extract. The therapeutic effect of AH seeds extract against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rat model indicated the regenerated membrane integrity, with improved cellular functions and mucus thickness. Further, improved antioxidant enzyme level would help to reduce PGE2 biosynthesis.

Physicochemical Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

The reconstruction or regeneration of damaged bone tissue is one of the challenges of orthopedic surgery and tissue engineering. Among all strategies investigated, additive manufacturing by fused deposition modeling (3D-FDM printing) opens the possibility to obtain patient-specific scaffolds with controlled architectures. The present work evaluates in depth 3D direct printing, avoiding the need for a pre-fabricated filament, to obtain bone-related scaffolds from direct mixtures of polylactic acid (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA). For it, a systematic physicochemical characterization (SEM-EDS, FT-Raman, XRD, micro-CT and nanoindentation) was performed, using different PLA/HA ratios and percentages of infill. Results prove the versatility of this methodology with an efficient HA incorporation in the 3D-printed scaffolds up to 13 wt.% of the total mass and a uniform distribution of the HA particles in the scaffold at the macro level, both longitudinal and cross sections. Moreover, an exponential distribution of the HA particles from the surface toward the interior of the biocomposite cord (micro level), within the first 80 µm (10% of the entire cord diameter), is also confirmed, providing the scaffold with surface roughness and higher bioavailability. In relation to the pores, they can range in size from 250 to 850 µm and can represent a percentage, in relation to the total volume of the scaffold, from 24% up to 76%. The mechanical properties indicate an increase in Young's modulus with the HA content of up to ~50%, compared to the scaffolds without HA. Finally, the in vitro evaluation confirms MG63 cell proliferation on the 3D-printed PLA/HA scaffolds after up to 21 days of incubation.

Application of Seaweed Generates Changes in the Substrate and Stimulates the Growth of Tomato Plants

Ulva ohnoi is a cosmopolitan green seaweed with commercial potential given the biomass that may be generated. We evaluated the effects of substrate changes induced by U. ohnoi application on the vegetative response of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. First, the decomposition dynamics and N release of the dry seaweed biomass were studied using the litterbag method. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of seaweed powder (SP) or seaweed extract (SE) applications on substrate and plant growth. Additionally, the growth parameters responses evaluated were related to the changes in substrate properties associated with each treatment. The results showed that the dry seaweed biomass has a rapid rate of degradation (k = 0.07 day^-1) and N release (k = 0.024 day^-1). The SP application improved the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the substrate by increasing the availability of minerals, the fungi:bacteria ratio, and the growth morphophysiological parameters (length, area, dry and fresh weight), chlorophyll and mineral content. In contrast, SE treatment showed a positive effect on the root, mineral content, and soil microbes. This study highlights the agricultural potential of U. ohnoi powder as an alternative supplement that supports nutrition and promotes the vegetative growth of plants cultivated in soilless horticultural systems.

The Bioactive Value of Tamarix gallica Honey from Different Geographical Origins

This study was conducted to assess the bioactive value of Tamarix gallica honey samples collected from three countries. In total, 150 Tamarix gallica honey samples from Saudi Arabia (50), Libya (50), and Egypt (50) were collected and compared, based on the results of the melissopalynological analysis, their physicochemical attributes, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and biochemical properties, together with their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Depending on the geographical origin, we observed different levels of growth suppression for six resistant bacterial strains. The pathogenic microorganisms tested in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was a strong correlation between the polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as significant (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activities. The melissopalynological analysis and physicochemical properties complied with the recommendation of the Gulf and Egyptian Technical Regulations on honey, as well as the Codex Alimentarius of the World Health Organization and the European Union Normative related to honey quality. It was concluded that Tamarix gallica honey from the three countries has the capacity to suppress pathogenic bacterial growth and has significant radical scavenging activities. Moreover, these findings suggest that Tamarix gallica honey may be considered as an interesting source of antimicrobial compounds and antioxidants for therapeutical and nutraceutical industries or for food manufacturers.

An Investigation into Chestnut Honeys from Artvin Province in Turkiye: Their Physicochemical Properties, Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of eight chestnut honey samples collected from Artvin province in Turkiye. The honey samples' phenolic profiles were analyzed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All honeys were monofloral, and the quantities of chestnut sativa pollen ranged from 56 % to 80 %. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values were assessed. The pH and moisture values of the honeys ranged between 4.60 and 5.40 and between 17.60 % and 19.00 %, respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) and Hunter color L values ranged between 0.56 and 1.12 mS/cm and between 43.16 and 67.60, respectively. Proline values ranged from 876 to 1246 mg/kg. The diastase activities of all honeys were high, ranging between 18.28 and 26.30 DU. The mean of total phenolic, total flavonoid and total antioxidant (FRAP) levels in the samples were 72.79±0.03 mg GAE/100 g, 2.25±00.03mg QE/100 g, and 312.67±2.85 μmol FeSO₄ /100 g, respectively. Almost all of the 19 phenolic standards studied were detected in the samples, with catechin, chrysin, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and gallic acid being determined as major components. In conclusion, the honeys from the Artvin region were high-quality chestnut honeys, with high polyphenolic contents and diversity and high apitherapeutic potentials.

Effects of white mulberry powder fortification on antioxidant activity, physicochemical, microbial and sensorial properties of yogurt produced from buffalo milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sun-dried white mulberry fruit powder (WMFP) at addition levels of 2%, 4%, and 6% for enhancing nutritional value and improving the quality of yogurt during refrigerated storage. Results showed that the highest (p < .05) antioxidant activity of 54.53 ± 0.15% was observed in 6% WMFP-added yogurt samples. Highest pH of 4.53 ± 0.08 was observed in control. Significantly highest (p < .05) acidity (1.12 ± 0.02%) was recorded in the yogurt with 6% WMFP-added yogurt samples on 28th day. Moreover, the addition of WMFP elevated the total soluble solids up to 20.05 ± 0.02 °Brix and water-holding capacity up to 55.06 ± 0.34% and lessened the syneresis value (22.92 ± 0.25) in 6% yogurt samples. 2% WMFP-added yogurt sample was given the highest sensory score in terms of overall acceptability by the panelists (8.00 ± 0.00). Thus, it was concluded that fruit powder of white mulberry can be used to improve physicochemical and sensory properties of fortified yogurt. WMFP addition to yogurt enhanced its antioxidant potential and physicochemical quality. The study introduces white mulberry-enriched yogurt and suggests the food industries to launch this product in the market.

Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Different Honey Samples Collected in the Pre-Saharan Region in Algeria

Despite the challenging conditions in the pre-Saharan areas of Algeria, such as weak plant cover and a harsh climate, beekeeping is being developed and spread. In the present work, honey samples collected from ten locations in the El Oued region were examined during the spring of 2021. A melissopalynological analysis was carried out, followed by a floristic investigation. The 10 honey samples were also investigated for their physicochemical properties and antioxidant and antibacterial activity against five strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Listeria innocua, and Micrococcus luteus. The floristic analysis found 65 species belonging to 33 botanical families, with a dominance of the Asteraceae family accounting for 18.461% of the total. The melissopalynological study revealed only one monofloral honey (Ziziphus lotus), whereas the nine others were multi-floral. The honey’s color changed from light to dark amber, and most tested honey was of high quality, fulfilling international criteria. The total phenol and flavonoid contents varied considerably amongst the various honey samples. Furthermore, LC-MS-MS phenolic profile analysis identified the presence of 20 chemicals, of which only three phenols were found in all honey types. Antioxidant capacity analyzed with FRAP test and antiradical activities against DPPH differed from one honey sample to another. Moreover, a significant correlation was recorded between the antioxidant activity, honey’s color, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents. The S. aureus strain was the most sensitive regarding honey antibacterial activity, while M. luteus and B. subtilis strains were only moderately sensitive.

Determination of the Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater and its Potential Health Risk for Drinking in Oromia, Ethiopia

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical quality of groundwater and its potential health risk for drinking in Oromia, Ethiopia. The groundwater samples were collected from 17 sampling stations in the dry and wet season in the Sebeta zone, Oromia, from March to August 2020. Metals and physicochemical parameters, and selected heavy metals, such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) were monitored. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods (Pearson's Correlation and T-test). The means seasonal variations were higher in the dry season than in the wet season except for pH and Turbidity. The variation was significant for most parameters except Pb, Zn, chlorine, Total Alkaline, Magnesium Hardness, Calcium Hardness ), and Turbidity. There was a strong and positive correlation between Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Conductivity), (pH and Cr), (T.H. and Magnesium (Mg)), (bicarbonate and Calcium (Ca), (Zn and Turbidity) in the dry season; and (T.H. with Potassium (K), (Pb and Fe); (bicarbonate and T.H.); (Ca and Mg); (Na and T.A.,) in the wet season. The hazard index (H.I.) values in the dry season (HI = 1.331) were higher than in the wet season (HI_adults = 0.075). Likewise, the H.I. (dry season) was higher (HI_children = 1.861) than in the wet season (HI_children = 0.105). Chronic groundwater exposure at drinking sources in the dry season is a potential health risk to humans in general and is relatively high for children. Urgent management and close monitoring are required for drinking groundwater sources and other nearby residents' safety areas.

Evaluation of the biological and physicochemical properties of calcium silicate-based and epoxy resin-based root canal sealers

Biocompatibility, dimensional stability, radiopacity, flow, and low solubility are the characteristics of an ideal endodontic sealer. This study evaluated and compared in vivo and in vitro biological and physicochemical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers: Sealer Plus BC (BC), MTA Fillapex (MF); and resin-based sealers: AH Plus (AHP) and Sealer Plus (SP). Apical papilla cells were exposed to sealer extracts and subjected to MTT, SRB, scratch, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (ALP) and Alizarin red staining (ALZ) assays. Sealers were histologically evaluated in connective tissue of Wistar rats in different periods. Radiopacity, film thickness, flow, setting time, pH and element analyses were investigated. BC had better results compared to AHP and MF at hour 72 for MTT assay (p < .05), and the highest cell viability under SRB (p < .05). All sealers presented ALP activity. BC presented the highest mineralized deposition under ALZ (p < .05). BC and MF promoted wound healing. All sealers induced an initial inflammation reaction that decreased over time. Eosinophils were observed at day 7 in MF (p < .05). Despite MF did not present final setting time, the sealers properties were in accordance to ISO 6876/2012 and ASTM C266-08. All sealers presented cell viability and biocompatibility. BC presented higher pH values and bioactivity. The materials tested showed physico-chemical properties in accordance with standards, except for MF setting time.

Biotite-Calx Based Traditional Indian Medicine Sahastraputi-Abhrak-Bhasma Prophylactically Mitigates Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma by Amending Cytokine Responses

Purpose

Asthma is a heterogeneous airway inflammatory disease with limited therapeutic options. Traditional medicine is extensively used for treating various ailments including asthma. Sahastraputi-Abhrak-Bhasma (SPAB) is a biotite-calx based Indian medicine.

Methods

We have tested for the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic properties of SPAB, using a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in-vivo and cell-based assays in-vitro. Histological analysis, qPCR and ELISA were performed to assess the pathology. SEM, EDX and XRD-analysis were performed to characterize the SPAB particles.

Results

SEM, EDX and XRD-analysis identified the presence of SPAB particle of 100 nm–~1µm diameter and contains annite-1M, aluminium silicate, kyanite, aluminium oxide, magnesium silicate, and maghemite in the samples. Ova-challenge resulted in severe inflammatory responses, airway remodelling and increased oxidative burden in lungs. Importantly, prophylactic treatment with SPAB significantly attenuated allergen induced leukocyte infiltration specifically eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils in BALF. Ova-induced mucus hypersecretion, peri-bronchial collagen deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration and bronchial epithelial thickening were significantly abrogated upon SPAB treatment. qPCR and ELISA analysis identified that allergen induced increases in IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, IFN-γ and IL-1β cytokines mRNA in whole lungs and the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α proteins in BALF were significantly attenuated upon oral SPAB treatment. SPAB restored allergen induced decreases in anti-oxidant markers in lungs. In-vitro, SPAB attenuated the secretion of IL-6, and TNF-α from human bronchial epithelial cells and modestly inhibited NF-kB/AP-1 pathway in HEK cells.

Conclusion

Taken together, our results experimentally validated the prophylactic ameliorative potential of the Indian classical medicine Sahastraputi-Abhrak-Bhasma against asthma associated airway inflammation.

Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Organogel-Based Lipstick Formulations: Application in Cosmetics

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) are well-known as low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs) capable of gelling an organic liquid phase. Considering their unique chemical and physical properties, we assessed their potential effects in new lipstick formulations by discrimination testing; in vitro measurements of the sun protection factor (SPF); and thermal, mechanical and texture analyzes. DBS and 12-HSA were used to formulate four types of lipsticks: L1 (1% DBS), L2 (10% 12-HSA), L3 (1.5% DBS) and L4 (control, no LMOGs). The lipsticks were tested for sensory perception with an untrained panel of 16 consumers. LMOG formulations exhibited higher UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) and in vitro SPF, particularly in the 12-HSA-based lipstick. Regarding thermal properties, the 12-HSA-based lipstick and those without LMOGs were more heat-amenable compared to thermoresistant DBS-based lipsticks. The results also showed the viscoelastic and thermally reversible properties of LMOGs and their effect of increasing pay-off values. In general, the texture analysis indicated that 12-HSA-based lipstick was significantly harder to bend compared to control, while the other formulations became softer and easier to bend throughout the stability study. This work suggests the potential use of LMOGs as a structuring agent for lipsticks, paving the way towards more photoprotective and sustainable alternatives.

Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics and Macrophage Immunostimulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Chlamys farreri

To address the structure-activity relationship of Chlamys farreri polysaccharides on their immunostimulatory efficacy, two polysaccharides (CFP-1 and CFP-2) were extracted from Chlamys farreri by hot water extraction, and separated through column chromatography. The isolated CFPs were chemically analyzed to clarify their physicochemical characteristics and cultured with murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, in order to evaluate their immunostimulatory efficacy. Despite the fact that both CFP-1 and CFP-2 were mainly comprised of glucose lacking the triple-helix structure, as revealed through preliminary physicochemical analyses, obvious differences in regard to molecular weight (Mw), glucuronic acid content (GAc) and branching degree (BD) were observed between CFP-1 and CFP-2. In in vitro immunostimulatory assays for macrophage RAW264.7 cells, it was demonstrated that CFP-2 with larger Mw, more GAc and BD could evidently promote phagocytosis and increase the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β secretion, by activating the expression of iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β genes, respectively. Hence, CFP-2 shows great promise as a potential immunostimulatory agent in the functional foods and nutraceutical industry, while CFP-1, with lower molecular weight, less GAc and BD, displays its weaker immunostimulatory efficacy, based on the indistinctive immunostimulatory parameters of CFP-1.

Metabolic and Proteomic Perspectives of Augmentation of Nutritional Contents and Plant Defense in Vigna unguiculata

The current study enlists metabolites of Alstonia scholaris with bioactivities, and the most active compound, 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine, was selected against Macrophomina phaseolina. Appraisal of the Alstonia metabolites identified the 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine as a bioactive compound which elevated vitamins and nutritional contents of Vigna unguiculata up to ≥18%, and other physiological parameters up to 28.9%. The bioactive compound (0.1%) upregulated key defense genes, shifted defense metabolism from salicylic acid to jasmonic acid, and induced glucanase enzymes for improved defenses. The structural studies categorized four glucanase-isozymes under beta-glycanases falling in (Trans) glycosidases with TIM beta/alpha-barrel fold. The study determined key-protein factors (Q9SAJ4) for elevated nutritional contents, along with its structural and functional mechanisms, as well as interactions with other loci. The nicotine-docked Q9SAJ4 protein showed a 200% elevated activity and interacted with AT1G79550.2, AT1G12900.1, AT1G13440.1, AT3G04120.1, and AT3G26650.1 loci to ramp up the metabolic processes. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the physiological mechanism involved in the enrichment of the nutritional contents of V. unguiculata. Metabolic studies concluded that increased melibiose and glucose 6-phosphate contents, accompanied by reduced trehalose (-0.9-fold), with sugar drifts to downstream pyruvate biosynthesis and acetyl Co-A metabolism mainly triggered nutritional contents. Hydrogen bonding at residues G.357, G.380, and G.381 docked nicotine with Q9SAJ4 and transformed its bilobed structure for easy exposure toward substrate molecules. The current study augments the nutritional value of edible stuff and supports agriculture-based country economies.

Freshness Assessment and Shelf-Life Prediction for Seriola dumerili from Aquaculture Based on the Quality Index Method

Fish and fish-based products are easily perishable foods due to different factors, including fragile organization, abundant endo-enzymes, psychrophilic bacteria, and impact of pre-harvest operations, that contribute to reducing its value. Therefore, a timely effective method for fish freshness and shelf-life evaluation is important. In this context, this study aimed to develop a sensory scheme based on the Quality Index Method (QIM) (sensory table and point system) for freshness monitorization and shelf-life prediction for Seriola dumerili from aquaculture in Madeira Island. Evaluation of appearance, texture, eyes, and gills was performed during 20 days of storage on ice (0 ± 1 °C). The shelf-life prediction was supported by the analysis of microorganisms (total viable colonies, TVC, counts), texture (Torrymeter), and production of trimethylamine (TMA), evaluated by HS-SPME–GC–MS and validated according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists AOAC guidelines. The result is a QIM scheme with 25 demerit points, where zero indicates total freshness. From the integration of sensory analysis, microbial growth at the time of rejection (TVC, 10⁸ cfu/cm² and H2S producers, 10⁷ cfu/cm²), texture (Torrymeter value < 8), and TMA analyses (>12.5 mg/100 g), shelf-life was estimated as 12 days (±0.5 days). The obtained results show the high-throughput potential of the developed method for fish freshness assessment and shelf-life prediction. This QIM scheme is a secure way to measure quality and provide users with a reliable standardized fish freshness measure.

Physicochemical Profiling of Baicalin Along with the Development and Characterization of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

Baicalin is a flavone glycoside extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Numerous pharmacological effects of baicalin were reported (e.g. antioxidant, anxiolytic); nevertheless, the most important physicochemical properties influencing the pharmacokinetic behaviour and the concomitant oral bioavailability have not yet been described in a comprehensive study. The aim of this project was to characterize the acid-base, lipophilicity, biorelevant solubility and permeability properties of the drug substance and providing scientific data to support the dosage form design. Another important objective was the comparative evaluation of six various baicalin-cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes along with the creation of a suitable Drug Delivery System (DDS) for this BCS IV drug. Biorelevant profiling was carried out by NMR-pH titrations, saturation shake-flask and distribution coefficients (logP) measurements, while CD inclusion studies were fulfilled by experimental methods (phase solubility, ¹H/¹³C NMR, 2D ROESY) and computational approaches. Due to low aqueous solubility (67.03 ± 1.60 μg/ml) and low permeability (P_app = 0.037 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s), baicalin is classified as BCS IV. The γ-CD complexation significantly increased the solubility of baicalin (~ 5 times). The most promoted chemical shift change occurred in baicalin-γ-CD complex. Computational studies showed disparate binding pattern for baicalin in case of β- and γ-CD; furthermore, the calculated complexation energy was − 162.4 kJ mol⁻¹ for β-CD, while it was significantly stronger for γ-CD (− 181.5 kJ mol⁻¹). The physicochemical and structural information of baicalin and its CD complexes introduced herein can create molecular basis for a promising DDS with enhanced bioavailability containing a bioactive phytopharmacon.

Evaluation of Y-site compatibility of home total parenteral nutrition and intravenous loop diuretics

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the design of the parenteral nutrition (PN) regimen becomes more challenging where only individualized PN is appropriate, coupled with the increased risk of unintended interactions with diuretic therapy. In an effort to ensure safe therapy in the home, we assessed the physical stability of bespoke PN formulations intended for use in CKD in the simultaneous presence of Y-site compatibility of furosemide and torasemide. The patient's daily needs were determined based on both metabolic demands as well as the demand for fluids.Complete admixtures were subjected to physical stability analysis consisting of visual inspection, a validated light microscope method, pH measurement, zeta potential measurement, and characterization of oily globule size distribution. Y-site compatibility of furosemide and torasemide with the formulated admixtures was also performed.The total parenteral admixture was stable over 7 days at +4°C and 24 h at +25°C and compatible via the Y-line together with furosemide and torasemide over 12 h at +25°C.The stability assessment guarantees the safety and efficiency of home PN with loop diuretics therapy in CKD patients. This means that these patients do not need long hospitalization and they can be safely treated at home. Furthermore, this study proved that torasemide is the same safety diuretic as furosemide, which has a great impact on clinical practice.

Effect of Various Packaging Methods on Small-Scale Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) during Refrigerated Storage

The objective of this study was to investigate comparison of physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of Hanwoo eye of round by various packaging methods [wrapped packaging (WP), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), vacuum packaging (VP) with three different vacuum films, and vacuum skin packaging (VSP)] at a small scale. Packaged Hanwoo beef samples were stored in refrigerated conditions (4±1°C) for 28 days. Packaged beef was sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Physicochemical [pH, surface color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values], microbiological, and sensory analysis of packaged beef samples were performed. VP and VSP samples showed low TBARS and VBN values, and pH and surface color did not change substantially during the 28-day period. For VSP, total viable bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and coliform counts were lower than those for other packaging systems. Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were not detected in any packaged beef samples. A sensory analysis showed that the scores for appearance, flavor, color, and overall acceptability did not change significantly until day 7. In total, VSP was effective with respect to significantly higher a* values, physicochemical stability, and microbial safety in Hanwoo packaging (p<0.05).

Distinguishment, identification and aroma compound quantification of Portuguese olive oils based on physicochemical attributes, HS-GC/MS analysis and voltammetric electronic tongue

BACKGROUND

In this paper, various extra-virgin and virgin olive oils samples from different Portuguese markets were studied. For this purpose, a voltammetric electronic tongue (VE-tongue), consisting of two kinds of working electrode within the array, together with physicochemical analysis and headspace gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), were applied. In addition, preliminary considerations of relationships between physicochemical parameters and multisensory system were reported.

RESULTS

The physicochemical parameters exhibit significant differences among the analyzed olive oil samples that define its qualities. Regarding the aroma profile, 14 volatile compounds were characterized using HS-GC-MS; among these, hex-2-enal, hexanal, acetic acid, hex-3-ene-1-ol acetate and hex-3-en-1-ol were semi-quantitatively detected as the main aroma compounds in the analyzed samples. Moreover, pattern recognition methods demonstrate the discrimination power of the proposed VE-tongue system. The results reveal the VE-tongue's ability to classify olive oil samples and to identify unknown samples based of built models. In addition, the correlation between VE-tongue and physicochemical analysis exhibits a remarkable prediction model aimed at anticipating carotenoid content.

CONCLUSION

The preliminary results of this investigation indicate that physicochemical and HS-GC-MS analysis, together with multisensory system coupled with chemometric techniques, presented a satisfactory performance regarding olive oil sample discrimination and identification. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli in groundwater of Brij region (Uttar Pradesh) and its public health implications

AIM

The study evaluates the microbial as well as physicochemical pollution of groundwater of Brij region of Uttar Pradesh, a major tourist destination in the country along with estimating the drug resistance evident in the isolated Escherichia coli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 60 samples of groundwater were collected from six different sites and assessed for physicochemical (pH, color, taste, turbidity, total dissolved solids [TDS], total hardness [TH], chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, and iron) and microbiological parameters (standard plate count [SPC], most probable number test [MPN], E. coli).

RESULTS

A majority of the samples were found to be out of the range for most of the parameters except iron. Particularly, high values of TDS (up to 9000 ppm), TH (1500 mg/L), chlorides (3250 mg/L), fluorides (2.5 mg/L), and nitrates (100.2 mg/L) were observed at most of the sites in the region highlighting the fact that groundwater of the area is not potable. Samples were turbid and salty to taste. High SPC values, up to 3500 colony-forming unit/ml and coliforms beyond BIS range were found in 40% samples suggesting gross microbial contamination. Only 2 sites (G3 and G5) had low MPN values. Overall 16 (26.67%) E. coli were isolated with 3 (18.75%) producing red colonies on conge red agar, hence supposed to be pathogenic. No E. coli O157:H7 was isolated. High antimicrobial resistance was observed against amoxicillin and erythromycin, whereas E. coli isolates were sensitive toward cefotaxime-clavulanic acid and imipenem. 12 isolates (75%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) with MDR index >20%, and 2 isolates (12.5%) were found to be extended spectrum beta-lactamases positive.

CONCLUSION

Groundwater is considered to be a safe option for potable water but it is obvious from the findings of this study that considerable physicochemical and microbial contamination is there in groundwater samples of Brij region. The occurrence of MDR E. coli in these waters is a matter of great public health concern.

Quality changes of cuttlefish stored under various atmosphere modifications and vacuum packaging

BACKGROUND

Seafood preservation and its shelf life prolongation are two of the main issues in the seafood industry. As a result, and in view of market globalization, research has been triggered in this direction by applying several techniques such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), vacuum packaging (VP) and active packaging (AP). However, seafood such as octopus, cuttlefish and others have not been thoroughly investigated up to now. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal conditions of modified atmosphere under which cuttlefish storage time and consequently shelf life time could be prolonged without endangering consumer safety.

RESULTS

It was found that cuttlefish shelf life reached 2, 2, 4, 8 and 8 days for control, VP, MAP 1, MAP 2 and MAP 3 (20% CO2 -80% N2 , 50% CO2 -50% N2 and 70% CO2 -30% N2 for MAP 1, 2 and 3, respectively) samples, respectively, judging by their sensorial attributes. Elevated CO2 levels had a strong microbiostatic effect, whereas storage under vacuum did not offer significant advantages. All physicochemical attributes of MAP-treated samples were better preserved compared to control.

CONCLUSION

Application of high CO2 atmospheres such as MAP 2 and MAP 3 proved to be an effective strategy toward preserving the characteristics and prolonging the shelf life of fresh cuttlefish and thereby improving its potential in the market. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Isolation and Identification of a Flavone Apigenin from Marine Red Alga Acanthophora spicifera with Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Physicochemical investigation of the red alga Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borgesen, collected from Al-Shoaiba coast, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, led to the isolation of a flavone from the algal tissue with acetone. Preparative chromatography on silica gel thin-layer chromatography was used for the separation of the flavone and eluted with the methanol:chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:7:2) solvent system. The physicochemical analyses infrared, mass spectra, and ultraviolet spectra in addition to shift reagents (NaOMe, NaOAc, NaOAc + H₃BO₃, AlCl₃, and AlCl₃ + HCl) were used for the identification and elucidation of the structure of the flavone compound (4,5,7-trihydroxy flavonoids). The flavone compound was identified as apigenin bycomparing its physicochemical data with those in the literature. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of apigenin were evaluated. Apigenin showed promising analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in the hot plate test and writhing test in mice as well as tail-immersion tests and carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. It is concluded that apigenin possesses potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities, which might be due to the inhibition of PGE₂ as well as proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α.

On some problems of inorganic supramolecular chemistry

In this study, some features that distinguish inorganic supramolecular host-guest objects from traditional architectures are considered. Crystalline inorganic supramolecular structures are the basis for the development of new functional materials. Here, the possible changes in the mechanism of crystalline inorganic supramolecular structure self-organization at high interaction potentials are discussed. The cases of changes in the host structures and corresponding changes in the charge states under guest intercalation, as well as their impact on phase stability and stoichiometry are considered. It was demonstrated that the deviation from the geometrical and topological complementarity conditions may be due to the additional energy gain from forming inorganic supramolecular structures. It has been assumed that molecular recognition principles can be employed for the development of physicochemical analysis and interpretation of metastable states in inorganic crystalline alloys.

Preparation and physicochemical analysis of Rasaka Bhasma

Rasaka, which is one among the Maharasas, is an ore of zinc and has been used to extract Yashada in ancient times. It has a wide range of therapeutic applications, including in diseases like Prameha, Streeroga, and so on. The practice of Rasaka Bhasma preparation has declined with time due to various reasons. The present study aims to identify the genuine samples of Rasaka, prepare Rasaka Bhasma by subjecting it to Shodhana and Marana, and undertake a physiochemical analysis of the prepared Bhasma with an eye toward the standardization of Rasaka Bhasma.

Characterization of allergenic epitopes of Ory s1 protein from Oryza sativa and its homologs

Vaccination is the most effective technique suggested now days for allergy treatment. Recombinant-based approaches are mostly focused on genetic modification of allergens to produce molecules with reduced allergenic activity and conserved antigenicity. The molecules developed for vaccination in allergy possess significantly reduced allergenicity in terms of IgE binding, and therefore will not lead to anaphylactic reactions upon injection. This approach is probably feasible with every peptide allergen with known amino acid sequence. In this study an in silico approach was used to investigate allergenic protein sequences. Motif analysis of these sequences reveals the allergenic epitopes in the amino acid sequences. Physicochemical analysis of protein sequences shows that the homolog allergens of Ory s1 are highly correlated with the aromaticity, GRAVY and cysteine content. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of Ory s1 with other sequences reveals that Oryza sativa japonica and Zea mays are close homologs, whilst Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata are found to be remote homologs. The multiple sequence alignment reveals of Ory s1 with all its homologs in this study reveals the high conservation of residues in DPBB_1 domain (amino acid residue positions 86- 164) and was found distinctly in all the sequences. These findings support the proposal that allergenic epitopes encompass conserved residues. The consensus allergenic was found to be mainly composed of hydrophobic residues. The functional sites of allergenic proteins reported in this study shall be attenuated to develop hypoallergenic vaccine. The sequence comparison strategy adopted in this study would pave way effective evolutionary analysis of these allergens.