IQOS point-of-sale marketing: a comparison between Arab and Jewish neighborhoods in Israel

Background

Philip Morris International's (PMI) IQOS, with its heatsticks (HEETS), is the heated tobacco product with the largest global market share. IQOS and/or electronic cigarettes use rate is higher among Arabs vs. Jews in Israel. This paper aims to compare IQOS point-of-sale (POS) marketing strategies, and regulatory compliance in Arab vs. Jewish neighborhoods in Israel.

Methods

We integrated data from two separate studies including a cross-sectional survey with IQOS retailers (December 2020-April 2021) and audits of POS that sold IQOS/HEETS (April 2021-July 2021) in 5 large cities in Israel, after marketing restrictions including a POS display ban and plain packaging became effective in Israel (January 2020). The survey included 69 POS (21 Arab, 48 Jewish neighborhoods) and the audits included 129 POS (48 Arab, 81 Jewish neighborhoods). Comparisons of IQOS marketing strategies between POS in Arab and Jewish neighborhoods were conducted using Chi-Square test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Thematic analysis was used to analyze open-ended questions.

Results

Most marketing strategies, such as promotions to customers, were uniform across POS in Arab and Jewish neighborhoods. The most noteworthy differences were that a higher proportion of retailers from Arab neighborhoods were invited to IQOS parties (47.6% vs. 21.7%, p<0.05) and reported personal communication with a PMI representative (80.0% vs. 51.2%, p<0.05). Additionally, PMI representatives assisted POS in both Arab and Jewish neighborhoods in implementing the display ban by providing free compliant cabinets and product placement instructions, and directly interacted with customers. POS in Arab neighborhoods were more compliant with the display ban (25.5% vs. 8.8%, p<0.05), but less compliant with plain packaging (62.5% vs. 79.3%, p<0.05).

Conclusions

There were not many notable differences in IQOS marketing across POS in Arab vs. Jewish neighborhoods, but PMI utilized marketing elements of cultural significance, especially for POS in Arab neighborhoods, such as more personal communication and invitation to social events. Continuous surveillance of tobacco POS marketing and legislation compliance is needed, with a special focus on demographic/location-based differences.

Point-of-Sale Health Communication Campaigns for Cigarillos and Waterpipe Tobacco: Effects and Lessons Learned from Two Cluster Randomized Trials

Many adolescents and young adults hold erroneous beliefs that cigarillos and waterpipe tobacco (WT) are safer than cigarettes, contributing to use. Communication campaigns can correct misperceptions and increase risk beliefs. We tested point-of-sale (POS) communication campaigns focused on chemical exposure for cigarillos and WT. We conducted two cluster randomized trials at 20 gas stations with convenience stores (10 stores for cigarillos, 10 for WT) in North Carolina between June and November 2017. Within each trial, stores were randomly assigned to either the intervention (campaign messages displayed) or a no message control condition. We conducted intercept surveys with repeated cross-sectional samples of 50 adolescents and young adults (ages 16-25) per store, at baseline and follow-up. There were 978 participants (mean age = 20.9 years) in the cigarillo trial, and 998 participants (mean age = 21.0 years) in the WT trial. Rates of campaign exposure were low (26% for cigarillos; 24.3% for WT). The cigarillo campaign increased knowledge that ammonia is in cigarillo smoke (p < .01). There were also significant increases in knowledge about ammonia and cyanide in cigarillo smoke and arsenic in WT smoke (p < .05) in the sub-sample who reported exposure to the campaign. No differences were found in outcome expectancies, product attitudes, worry about chemical exposure, or behavioral intentions in either campaign. Garnering attention for communication campaigns in saturated POS environments, often dominated by tobacco advertising, is challenging. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of anti-tobacco campaigns at the POS and points to several lessons learned for future POS campaigns.

Young Adult E-cigarette Use and Retail Exposure in 6 US Metropolitan Areas

Objectives

Given the need to understand e-cigarette retail and its impact, we examined sociodemographic, tobacco and marijuana use, and e-cigarette retail experiences as correlates of (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use, (2) past 30-day advertising/media exposure, and (3) point-of-sale age verification among young adults.

Methods

We analyzed baseline survey data (September-December, 2018) among 3006 young adults (ages 18-34) in 6 metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle) in a 2-year longitudinal study.

Results

In this sample (M_age = 24.6, 42.3% male, 71.6% white, 11.4% Hispanic), 37.7% (N = 1133) were past 30-day e-cigarette users; 68.6% (N = 2062; non-users: 66.0%, users: 72.9%) reported past 30-day e-cigarette-related advertising/media exposure. Among e-cigarette users, vape shops were the most common source of e-cigarettes (44.7%) followed by online (18.2%). Among users, 34.2% were "almost always" asked for age verification. In multilevel logistic regression, e-cigarette use and advertising/media exposure were correlated (and both correlated with being younger). E-cigarette use also correlated with other tobacco product and marijuana use (and being male and white). Infrequent age verification correlated with commonly purchasing e-cigarettes online (and being older and black).

Conclusions

Increased efforts are needed to reduce young adult advertising/media exposure and increase retailer compliance among retailers, particularly online and vape shops.

Measuring dlPFC Signals to Predict the Success of Merchandising Elements at the Point-of-Sale - A fNIRS Approach

The (re-)launch of products is frequently accompanied by point-of-sale (PoS) marketing campaigns in order to foster sales. Predicting the success of these merchandising elements at the PoS on sales is of interest to research and practice, as the misinvestments that are based on the fragmented PoS literature are tremendous. Likewise, the predictive power of neuropsychological methods has been demonstrated in various research work. Nevertheless, the practical application of these neuropsychological methods is still limited. In order to foster the application of neuropsychological methods in research and practice, the current research work aims to explore, whether mobile functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) - as a portable neuroimaging method - has the potential to predict the success of PoS merchandising elements by rendering significant neural signatures of brain regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), highlighting its potential to forecast shoppers' behaviour aka sales at the PoS. Building on previous research findings, the results of the given research work indicate that the neural signal of brain regions of the dlPFC, measured with mobile fNIRS, is able to predict actual sales associated with PoS merchandising elements, relying on the cortical relief effect. More precisely, the research findings support the hypothesis that the reduced neural activity of brain regions associated with the dlPFC can predict sales at the PoS, emphasising another crucial neural signature to predict shoppers' purchase behaviour, next to the frequently cited reward association system. The research findings offer an innovative perspective on how to design and evaluate PoS merchandising elements, indicating fruitful theoretical and practical implications.

Age Verification and Online Sales of Little Cigars and Cigarillos to Minors

Objectives

In our cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine age verification and sales of little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) online to underage teens.

Methods

We selected 100 popular Internet Little Cigar and Cigarillo Vendors (ILVs) for order attempts. From August to December 2015, we supervised 14 teens 14-17 years old making order attempts for LCCs.

Results

Of the 91 valid orders attempted, we received 89. For the valid orders attempted, 9.9% of ILVs used no age verification strategies at all, 84.6% used less effective forms of age verification, and 50.5% used more effective ones. Only one order was blocked during the order attempt and only one attempt was made to verify age at delivery. Most (79.8%) deliveries were left at the door and only 2 order attempts were rejected because of age verification strategies, resulting in a successful or valid buy rate of 97.8%.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that ILVs selling LCCs were not making adequate efforts to verify the age of their customers, at the point-of-sale or point-of-delivery, facilitating easy access by minors. Few ILVs utilized age verification strategies that prevented online sales of LCCs to underage teens.

Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-of-sale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to assess the association between toombak (smokeless tobacco) advertisement at point-of-sale (PoS) and its use among adolescents in Sudan.

METHODS

A cross-sectional school-based and self-administered questionnaire study was conducted. Schools were randomly selected using a one-stage stratified sampling procedure, during 2013–2014, as part of a larger research project focusing on the use of toombak among secondary school students in Khartoum State, Sudan. The sample size was 1526 students. Data were collected on exposure to toombak advertisement, social acceptability, perceived accessibility to toombak, susceptibility, and toombak use.

RESULTS

A total of 41.8% of the adolescents were exposed to an advertisement at PoS, while 12.5% perceived direct access to toombak, 5.3% reported that they were susceptible to use toombak, and 10.9% were ever toombak users. Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at PoS was found to be associated with the older age group (44.3%) (p≤0.05). Males were more than females (45.2% vs 38.8%; p≤0.05). Those exposed to toombak advertisements at PoS reported more social acceptability towards toombak (48.9% vs 37.6%; p≤0.001) and direct accessibility to toombak (68.8% vs 47.2%; p≤0.05). Ever toombak users reported higher exposure to advertisements than non-users (54.5% vs 40.3%; p≤0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to toombak advertisements at PoS was found to be high and associated with increased toombak use in Khartoum State, Sudan, in addition to increasing social acceptability to its use and perceived easy accessibility. The current law, which bans toombak advertisement and promotion at PoS, needs to be enforced.

Removal of point-of-sale tobacco displays in Bogor city, Indonesia: A spatial analysis

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia contributes over 61 million smokers to global tobacco users, and the smoking prevalence is increasing among young people. In October 2017, Bogor city started the ban on tobacco displays at point-of-sale (POS), starting with modern cigarette retailers. This study aims to assess compliance with the ban and the visibility of POS with tobacco displays around educational facilities.

METHODS

We included 266 modern retailers surveyed throughout the city during November and December 2017. Compliance indicators included no tobacco product displays, advertisements, promotions, and sponsorship. We conducted spatial and quantitative analyses in ArcMap 10.6 and Stata 15.1, respectively.

RESULTS

Immediately following the ban, the compliance with all four criteria was high (83%). However, POS in areas with higher population density and poverty rates had significantly lower compliance. We also found that the ban reduced the visibility of tobacco displays around schools and universities.

CONCLUSIONS

Compliance with the ban was high, which helped to reduce the visibility of tobacco displays around educational facilities.

Promotions of breastmilk substitutes, commercial complementary foods and commercial snack products commonly fed to young children are frequently found in points-of-sale in Bandung City, Indonesia

Few studies have documented the marketing of commercial foods and beverages for infants and young children in West Java, Indonesia. To assess the prevalence of promotions at points-of-sale for commercially produced products commonly fed to young children in Bandung City, 43 small and large stores were visited in 2017. Promotions for breastmilk substitutes (BMS), commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), and select types of commercial snack products were photographed and information recorded on promotion characteristics. There were 402 and 206 promotions observed with BMS and CPCF products, respectively. Sixteen promotions with BMS products for infants under 12 months were found in 42.9% of stores selling BMS, violating national regulations. Almost all BMS promotions (98.3%) included BMS products for ages 1 year and above ("growing-up milks"). Of all BMS products available for sale, half of all infant/follow-up formula and 77.2% of growing-up milks were promoted. CPCF were found in 97.7% of stores, and 81.0% of these stores had promotions; 70.5% of all available CPCF products were promoted. Of the 2,451 promotions observed for commercial snack products, 17.3% used promotional techniques targeting young children or caregivers. Joint-promotions were common, with BMS and CPCF marketed in combination with commercial snack products; 49.0% of BMS promotions were joint BMS-snack promotions, and 80.0% or more of infant/follow-up formula promotions included a commercial snack. Revising and enforcing infant food and beverage marketing regulations to ensure consistency with global standards are necessary to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding in Indonesia.

Predictive Validity of Tobacco Product Advertising and Retail Availability

OBJECTIVES

Measurement properties of key constructs used in tobacco retailer audit studies are infrequently examined. We used diagnostic testing metrics to assess the predictive validity of product advertising and availability.

METHODS

In 2017, we documented tobacco product advertising and availability in a sample of New York City and New Jersey retailers (N = 987). We calculated positive predictive values (PPV, ie, probability of availability given advertising is present) and sensitivity scores (ie, probability of advertising given product is available) for cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).

RESULTS

Advertising presence was an imprecise indicator of availability for ENDS (PPV: 82.3%) and smokeless tobacco (PPV: 88.2%), particularly in non-chain convenience stores. Cigars were least likely to be advertised, if available (sensitivity: 27.8%), compared to other product types (sensitivity range: 43.8% - 57.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

The suboptimal predictive validity of advertising for certain products suggests that this measure does not necessarily reflect product accessibility in communities. Moreover, differences in sensitivity scores suggest that some product classes rely on strategies other than physical ads to recruit and retain consumers. A better understanding of these constructs and their influence on behavior can help inform more effective retail-based regulatory approaches.

Local Retail Tobacco Environment Regulation: Early Adoption in the United States

Objectives

To identify sociodemographic and policy environment characteristics of early adopters of retail tobacco control policies in U.S. localities.

Methods

We interviewed a sample of local tobacco control programs on policy progress for 33 specific policies, along with other program characteristics. We combine these results with secondary data in logistic regression analysis.

Results

Eighty (82% of 97) county tobacco control programs from 24 states were interviewed. Localities with lower smoking rates (OR: 0.7; 95%: 0.6-0.9) or higher excise taxes (OR: 6.0; 95%: 1.4-26.0) were more likely to have adopted a retail policy by late 2015. Early adopters were less likely to have voted majority Republican in the 2012 election (OR: 0.03; 95%: 0.00-0.34) or to have higher percentages of African American population (OR: 0.9; 95%: 0.8-0.99).

Conclusions

While localities with more resources, eg, program capacity, political will or policy options, were more likely to adopt policies by 2015, those with higher smoking rates and proportions of priority populations were less likely to do so. As local retail policy work becomes more commonplace, only time will tell if this "rich-get-richer" trend continues, or if the contexts in which retail policies are adopted diversify.

Pro-smoking responses and attitudes due to point-of-sale tobacco displays in never smokers: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong

INTRODUCTION

Never smokers' responses to tobacco control policy are often overshadowed by the opposition from smokers and tobacco industry during policy advocacy and legislation. Very few studies have examined never smokers' exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco displays and their effects. Therefore, we investigated the exposure, pro-smoking responses due to and attitudes towards such displays in never smokers in Hong Kong.

METHODS

We conducted two-stage, randomized cross-sectional telephone-based surveys in 2015 and 2016 of 1833 never-smoking adults. They were asked how often they noticed POS displays in the past 30 days (often, sometimes, never), whether they found POS displays attractive, felt encouraged to smoke, perceived POS displays as advertisements, and if they supported banning them. The distributions of the outcomes were analyzed by descriptive statistics with weighting to the general population. Risk ratios (RR) from Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to analyze the associations.

RESULTS

Our results showed that, in never smokers, the younger were more likely to often notice POS displays (RR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.72-0.89, p<0.01). Finding POS displays attractive was associated with primary (RR=2.52, 95% CI: 1.51-4.22, p<0.01) and secondary education (RR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.16- 2.44, p=0.01) versus tertiary education. Often noticing displays was associated with perceived attractiveness (RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.32-2.75, p<0.01). The positive association between often noticing displays and being encouraged to smoke was marginally significant (RR=4.05, 95% CI: 0.98-16.85, p=0.054). Respondents who often noticed POS displays (RR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98, p=0.02) and did not perceive them as advertisements (RR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.61-0.98, p<0.01) showed less support on banning them than those who did not notice them.

CONCLUSIONS

Frequent exposure to POS displays was associated with greater perceived attractiveness and lower support for banning them. A total ban on POS displays is needed to eliminate the advertising and normalization effect of POS displays.

Concordance of Advertised Cigarette Prices with Purchase Receipts in the United States

OBJECTIVES

Researchers and regulators study the advertised price of tobacco products to evaluate compliance with minimum price policies, tax increases, and geodemographic marketing. However, few studies report reliability of advertised price and none address its concordance with receipt price.

METHODS

In a sample of US tobacco retailers (N=1972), data collectors purchased the leading brand of non-menthol or menthol cigarettes, recorded advertised prices, whether sales tax was included and price was discounted. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were computed for the same measures by different observers (reliability), and for receipt and advertised pack price (validity). Discrepancy between receipt and advertised price was modeled as a function of store type and presence of a discount.

RESULTS

Advertised price was assessed reliably (ICCs = 0.74 to 0.87) and concordance with receipt price was near perfect (ICCs = 0.96 to 1.00). Prices were identical in 77.7% of stores for Marlboro and 78.1% for Newport. Differences between receipt and advertised price were related to store type and presence of a discount for Marlboro, but not for Newport.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings validate a common measure of cigarette price in research on minimum price compliance, effects of tax increase and industry marketing.

Trends in point-of-sale tobacco marketing around college campuses: Opportunities for enhanced tobacco control efforts

OBJECTIVE

Colleges have implemented policies to limit tobacco use on-campus; however, the off-campus environment is often overlooked in tobacco control efforts. We assessed availability, marketing, and promotion of cigarettes, snus, and traditional smokeless tobacco (SLT) in a sample of communities surrounding 11 college campuses in North Carolina and Virginia.

PARTICIPANTS

Between January-March of 2011, 2012 and 2013, 481 tobacco-selling retailers, including convenience stores, pharmacies and supermarkets, located near campuses were assessed.

METHODS

Trained observers completed annual point-of-sale assessments.

RESULTS

The percentage of stores selling (81.4% to 58.6%; p < .0001) and advertising snus (80.1% to 53.11%; p < .0001) significantly decreased over time. Convenience stores increased promotions of cigarettes (65.4% to 72.8%; p = 0.04) and SLT (3.1% to 23.3%; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Off-campus environments have abundant tobacco availability and marketing. Colleges should collaborate with state and local tobacco control advocates to address tobacco promotion near campuses to potentially decrease product appeal and access among young adults.

The Development and Piloting of a Mobile Data Collection Protocol to Assess Compliance With a National Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Product Display Ban at Retail Venues in the Russian Federation

Background

Tobacco control policies that lead to a significant reduction in tobacco industry marketing can improve public health by reducing consumption of tobacco and preventing initiation of tobacco use. Laws that ban or restrict advertising and promotion in point-of-sale (POS) environments, in the moment when consumers decide whether or not to purchase a tobacco product, must be correctly implemented to achieve the desired public health benefits. POS policy compliance assessments can support implementation; however, there are challenges to conducting evaluations that are rigorous, cost-effective, and timely. Data collection must be discreet, accurate, and systematic, and ideally collected both before and after policies take effect. The use of mobile phones and other mobile technology provide opportunities to efficiently collect data and support effective tobacco control policies. The Russian Federation (Russia) passed a comprehensive national tobacco control law that included a ban on most forms of tobacco advertising and promotion, effective November 15, 2013. The legislation further prohibited the display of tobacco products at retail trade sites and eliminated kiosks as a legal trade site, effective June 1, 2014.

Objective

The objective of the study was to develop and test a mobile data collection protocol including: (1) retailer sampling, (2) adaptation of survey instruments for mobile phones, and (3) data management protocols.

Methods

Two waves of observations were conducted; wave 1 took place during April-May 2014, after the advertising and promotion bans were effective, and again in August-September 2014, after the product display ban and elimination of tobacco sales in kiosks came into effect. Sampling took place in 5 Russian cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, and Kazan. Lack of access to a comprehensive list of licensed tobacco retailers necessitated a sampling approach that included the development of a walking protocol to identify tobacco retailers to observe. Observation instruments were optimized for use on mobile devices and included the collection of images/photos and the geographic location of retailers. Data were uploaded in real-time to a remote (“cloud-based”) server accessible via Internet and verified with the use of a data management protocol that included submission of daily field notes from the research team for review by project managers.

Results

The walking protocol was a practical means of identifying 780 relevant retail venues in Russia, in the absence of reliable sampling resources. Mobile phones were convenient tools for completing observation checklists discretely and accurately. Daily field notes and meticulous oversight of collected data were critical to ensuring data quality.

Conclusions

Mobile technology can support timely and accurate data collection and also help monitor data quality through the use of real-time uploads. These protocols can be adapted to assess compliance with other types of public health policies.

Implementation of a Multimodal Mobile System for Point-of-Sale Surveillance: Lessons Learned From Case Studies in Washington, DC, and New York City

Background

In tobacco control and other fields, point-of-sale surveillance of the retail environment is critical for understanding industry marketing of products and informing public health practice. Innovations in mobile technology can improve existing, paper-based surveillance methods, yet few studies describe in detail how to operationalize the use of technology in public health surveillance.

Objective

The aims of this paper are to share implementation strategies and lessons learned from 2 tobacco, point-of-sale surveillance projects to inform and prepare public health researchers and practitioners to implement new mobile technologies in retail point-of-sale surveillance systems.

Methods

From 2011 to 2013, 2 point-of-sale surveillance pilot projects were conducted in Washington, DC, and New York, New York, to capture information about the tobacco retail environment and test the feasibility of a multimodal mobile data collection system, which included capabilities for audio or video recording data, electronic photographs, electronic location data, and a centralized back-end server and dashboard. We established a preimplementation field testing process for both projects, which involved a series of rapid and iterative tests to inform decisions and establish protocols around key components of the project.

Results

Important components of field testing included choosing a mobile phone that met project criteria, establishing an efficient workflow and accessible user interfaces for each component of the system, training and providing technical support to fieldworkers, and developing processes to integrate data from multiple sources into back-end systems that can be utilized in real-time.

Conclusions

A well-planned implementation process is critical for successful use and performance of multimodal mobile surveillance systems. Guidelines for implementation include (1) the need to establish and allow time for an iterative testing framework for resolving technical and logistical challenges; (2) developing a streamlined workflow and user-friendly interfaces for data collection; (3) allowing for ongoing communication, feedback, and technology-related skill-building among all staff; and (4) supporting infrastructure for back-end data systems. Although mobile technologies are evolving rapidly, lessons learned from these case studies are essential for ensuring that the many benefits of new mobile systems for rapid point-of-sale surveillance are fully realized.

Impact of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Display Bans in Thailand: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Southeast Asia Survey

In September 2005 Thailand became the first Asian country to implement a complete ban on the display of cigarettes and other tobacco products at point-of-sale (POS). This paper examined the impact of the POS tobacco display ban in Thailand, with Malaysia (which did not impose bans) serving as a comparison. The data came from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey (2005–2011), a prospective cohort survey designed to evaluate the psychosocial and behavioral impacts of tobacco control policies. Main measures included smokers’ reported awareness of tobacco displays and advertising at POS. At the first post-ban survey wave over 90% of smokers in Thailand were aware of the display ban policy and supported it, and about three quarters thought the ban was effective. Noticing tobacco displays in stores was lowest (16.9%) at the first post-ban survey wave, but increased at later survey waves; however, the levels were consistently lower than those in Malaysia. Similarly, exposure to POS tobacco advertising was lower in Thailand. The display ban has reduced exposure to tobacco marketing at POS. The trend toward increased noticing is likely at least in part due to some increase in violations of the display bans and/or strategies to circumvent them.

National Enforcement of the FSPTCA at Point-of-Sale

Objective

To describe patterns in the enforcement of the US Food and Drug Administration's current compliance check program.

Methods

Data on retail violation rates (RVR) resulting from compliance checks were analyzed. Novel methods were developed to quantify violations and unify data on retail location and violation type.

Results

As of July 2013, 42 states and 3 US territories conducted compliance checks. Ninety-six percent of warning letters and 100% of Civil Monetary Penalties addressed sales to minors. RVRs varied significantly over time (OR = 1.15) and between states (ICC = 0.18).

Conclusions

The compliance checks database makes it possible to examine how retail enforcement is unfolding over time and place. Results reveal an emphasis on youth access violations, presenting opportunities for research on regulations designed to reduce youth access.

Public Health Effects of Restricting Retail Tobacco Product Displays and Ads

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the public health impact from restricting US retail point-of-sale (POS) tobacco product displays and advertising.

METHODS

Based on existing research, this paper estimates the effects on initiation and cessation rates from restricting POS tobacco product displays and ads in the US and uses the SimSmoke simulation model to project related smoking declines and health benefits.

RESULTS

New comprehensive POS restrictions are projected to reduce smoking prevalence by approximately 16% [range=3%-31%] relative to the status quo by 2065, preventing about 630,000 smoking-attributable deaths [range=108,000-1,225,000], 215,000 low birth weight births [range=33,000-421,000], 140,000 preterm births [range=22,000-271,000], and 1900 infant deaths from SIDSs [range=300-3800].

CONCLUSIONS

Federal, state, or local action to restrict POS tobacco product displays and ads would contribute to a substantial reduction in smoking-attributed death and disease.

Tobacco marketing in California and implications for the future

BACKGROUND

Tobacco marketing influences tobacco use initiation, maintenance of use, and it undermines comprehensive tobacco control programmes. Policies to ban the impact of tobacco marketing are most likely to be more effective if they are comprehensive, as partial bans shift marketing to non-banned forms of media. A comprehensive approach to reducing tobacco marketing includes documentation through monitoring, media and policy interventions and aggressive enforcement of existing laws.

METHODS

This paper summarises California tobacco industry monitoring of events and retail outlets, and findings about exposure to and beliefs about tobacco industry marketing among youths and adults conducted during the period 2000 through 2008.

RESULTS

There was no overall change in the average number of cigarette materials per store, and an increase in the percentage of stores with advertisements promoting price discounts for cigarettes. Stores with cigarette advertisements near candy displays declined from 12.5% (95% CI 9.8% to 15.2%) to 1% (95% CI 0.2% to 1.9%) of stores, and advertisements at or below the eye-level of children declined from 78.6% (95% CI 75.2% to 82.0%) to 31% (95% CI 27.1% to 34.9%) of stores. Overall, the number of public events with tobacco sponsorship declined from 77.3% to 48.1%. This trend was consistent with a significant decline noted among high school students and adults who reported seeing tobacco advertisements at events or attending a tobacco company-sponsored event.

CONCLUSIONS

Tobacco industry monitoring, media, policy and enforcement interventions may have contributed to observed changes in tobacco marketing and to declines in reported exposure to tobacco marketing.