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Mustroph H, Horobin RW. Classification and naming of polymethine dyes used as staining agents for microscopy. A short guide for biomedical investigators. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:545-553. [PMID: 37877362 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2263837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature contains many accounts of application of polymethine dyes, including cyanine dyes, as imaging agents, i.e., "biological stains," for microscopic investigation of biological materials. Currently, many such dyes are used as probes for living cells, i.e., "fluorescent probes." Polymethine dyes are defined here by two criteria. First, they possess a conjugated chain of (2n + 1) sp2-hybridized carbon atoms that connect a terminal π-electron-accepting (π-electron withdrawing) group with a terminal π-electron-donating group. Second, they have an odd number (2n + 3) of π-centers and an even number (2n + 4) of π-electrons in this chain, where n equals the number of -CR2=CR3- groups, usually vinylene groups -CH=CH-. Commercialization of diverse chemical types of many polymethine dyes has been attempted. The dyes that have achieved wide application, however, are limited in number and it is these dyes that are emphasized here. Because these polymethine dyes sometimes have been described by confusing, and sometimes confused, names, we clarify here the chemical categories and names of such dyes for the nonchemist, biomedical end user of such imaging agents. Nevertheless, the nomenclature presented here is not intended to replace the traditional "chromophore" categories of dyestuff chemistry, because the latter are held in place both by wide usage and by venerable authorities, such as the Colour Index.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard W Horobin
- Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Arús BA, Cosco ED, Yiu J, Balba I, Bischof TS, Sletten EM, Bruns OT. Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging of peripheral organs in awake and freely moving mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135494. [PMID: 37274204 PMCID: PMC10232761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracting biological information from awake and unrestrained mice is imperative to in vivo basic and pre-clinical research. Accordingly, imaging methods which preclude invasiveness, anesthesia, and/or physical restraint enable more physiologically relevant biological data extraction by eliminating these extrinsic confounders. In this article, we discuss the recent development of shortwave infrared (SWIR) fluorescent imaging to visualize peripheral organs in freely-behaving mice, as well as propose potential applications of this imaging modality in the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo A. Arús
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Emily D. Cosco
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joycelyn Yiu
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Balba
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Bischof
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ellen M. Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Oliver T. Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
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Ran XY, Chen P, Liu YZ, Shi L, Chen X, Liu YH, Zhang H, Zhang LN, Li K, Yu XQ. Rational Design of Polymethine Dyes with NIR-II Emission and High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Multimodal-Imaging-Guided Photo-Immunotherapy. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210179. [PMID: 36630669 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phototheranostics have emerged and flourished as a promising pattern for cancer theranostics owing to their precise photoinduced diagnosis and therapeutic to meet the demands of precision medicine. The diagnosis information and therapeutic effect are directly determined by the fluorescence imaging ability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of phototheranostic agents. Hence, how to balance the competitive radiative and nonradiative processes of phototheranostic agents is the key factor to evaluate the phototheranostic effect. Herein, molecules named ICRs with high photostaibility are rationally designed, exhibiting fluorescence emission in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) and high PCE, which are related to the strong donor-acceptor (D-A) interaction and high reorganization energy Noteworthily, ICR-Qu with stronger D-A interaction and a large-sized conjugated unit encapsulated in nanoparticles exhibits high PCE (81.1%). In addition, ICR-QuNPs are used for fluorescence imaging (FLI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and photothermal imaging (PTI) to guide deep-tissue photonic hyperthermia, achieving precise removal and inhibition of breast cancer. Furthermore, combined with α-PD-1, ICR-QuNPs show huge potential to be a facile and efficient tool for photo-immunotherapy. More importantly, this study not only reports an "all-in-one" polymethine-based phototheranostic agent, but also sheds light on the exploration of versatile organic molecules for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, P. R. China
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Suzuki N, Kubota T, Ando N, Yamaguchi S. Photobase-Driven Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) in a Strapped π-Electron System. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103584. [PMID: 34841575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a new design strategy for an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore that can be used in acidic media. A photobasic pyridine-centered donor-acceptor-donor-type fluorophore is combined with a basic trialkylamine "strap". In the presence of an acid, protonation occurs predominantly at the amine moiety in the ground state. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a pre-organized intramolecular hydrogen-bonded structure between the resulting ammonium moiety and the pyridine ring. Upon excitation, the intramolecular charge-transfer transition increases the basicity of the pyridine moiety in the excited state, resulting in proton transfer from the amine to the pyridine moiety. Consequently, the fluorophore takes on a polymethine-dye character in the ESIPT state, which gives rise to significantly red-shifted emission with an increased fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kubota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoki Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Cosco ED, Spearman AL, Ramakrishnan S, Lingg JGP, Saccomano M, Pengshung M, Arús BA, Wong KCY, Glasl S, Ntziachristos V, Warmer M, McLaughlin RR, Bruns OT, Sletten EM. Shortwave infrared polymethine fluorophores matched to excitation lasers enable non-invasive, multicolour in vivo imaging in real time. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1123-1130. [PMID: 33077925 PMCID: PMC7680456 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution, multiplexed experiments are a staple in cellular imaging. Analogous experiments in animals are challenging, however, due to substantial scattering and autofluorescence in tissue at visible (350-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1,000 nm) wavelengths. Here, we enable real-time, non-invasive multicolour imaging experiments in animals through the design of optical contrast agents for the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1,000-2,000 nm) region and complementary advances in imaging technologies. We developed tunable, SWIR-emissive flavylium polymethine dyes and established relationships between structure and photophysical properties for this class of bright SWIR contrast agents. In parallel, we designed an imaging system with variable near-infrared/SWIR excitation and single-channel detection, facilitating video-rate multicolour SWIR imaging for optically guided surgery and imaging of awake and moving mice with multiplexed detection. Optimized dyes matched to 980 nm and 1,064 nm lasers, combined with the clinically approved indocyanine green, enabled real-time, three-colour imaging with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Cosco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anthony L Spearman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shyam Ramakrishnan
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jakob G P Lingg
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mara Saccomano
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Monica Pengshung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernardo A Arús
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kelly C Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Warmer
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan R McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ernst P, Press AT, Fischer M, Günther V, Gräfe C, Clement JH, Ernst T, Schubert US, Wotschadlo J, Lehmann M, Enzensperger C, Bauer M, Hochhaus A. Polymethine Dye-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Targeting CML Stem Cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:372-81. [PMID: 32913887 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is unable to eradicate leukemic stem cells (LSC). Polymethine dye-functionalized nanoparticles can be internalized by specific cell types using transmembrane carrier proteins. In this study we investigated the uptake behavior of various polymethine dyes on leukemia cell lines and searched for carrier proteins that guide dye transport using RNA interference. The results show that the uptake of DY-635 is dependent on organic anion transport protein 1B3 (OATP1B3) in CML cells and immature myeloid precursor cells of CML patients. In contrast to nonspecific poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle constructs, DY-635-functionalization of nanoparticles led to an uptake in CML cells. Investigation of these nanoparticles on bone marrow of CML patients showed a preferred uptake in LSC. The transcription of OATP1B3 is known to be induced under hypoxic conditions via the hypoxia-inducing factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), thus also in the stem cells niche. Since these cells have the potential to repopulate the bone marrow after CML treatment discontinuation, eliminating them by means of drug-loaded DY-635-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles deployed as a selective delivery system to LSC is highly relevant to the ongoing search for curative treatment options for CML patients.
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Ishchenko AA, Mchedlov-Petrossyan NO, Kriklya NN, Kryshtal AP, Ōsawa E, Kulinich AV. Interaction of Polymethine Dyes with Detonation Nanodiamonds. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1028-1035. [PMID: 30848540 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Among cationic, anionic, and merocyanine polymethine dyes, the binding to detonation nanodiamond (DND) colloid particles in hydrosol occurs only for negatively charged dye species. This, in view of the positive ζ-potential of the DND used in this study, suggests the predominance of electrostatic interactions over other intermolecular forces in such systems. Indeed, after decorating the merocyanine and the cationic dye by one and two negatively charged sulfopropyl groups, respectively, so that the net charge of their colored species becomes negative, the compounds also demonstrate affinity to the DND particles. In all cases, the binding of dyes to DND is accompanied by a decrease in fluorescence intensity and a bathochromic shift of their absorption and fluorescence bands. A quantitative study of the dyes adsorption on the DND nanoparticles as performed using the Küster-Freundlich and Langmuir equations reveals some peculiarities of their attaching to the DND aggregates and allows estimating the specific area of the DND particles at a concentration of 0.0212 wt/vol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Ishchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Nika N Kriklya
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Sq., Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr P Kryshtal
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Material Science and Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eiji Ōsawa
- NanoCarbon Research Institute, Ltd Asama Research Extension Center Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Andrii V Kulinich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Egorov VV. Nature of the optical band shapes in polymethine dyes and H-aggregates: dozy chaos and excitons. Comparison with dimers, H*- and J-aggregates. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160550. [PMID: 28572984 PMCID: PMC5451785 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Results on the theoretical explanation of the shape of optical bands in polymethine dyes, their dimers and aggregates are summarized. The theoretical dependence of the shape of optical bands for the dye monomers in the vinylogous series in line with a change in the solvent polarity is considered. A simple physical (analytical) model of the shape of optical absorption bands in H-aggregates of polymethine dyes is developed based on taking the dozy-chaos dynamics of the transient state and the Frenkel exciton effect in the theory of molecular quantum transitions into account. As an example, the details of the experimental shape of one of the known H-bands are well reproduced by this analytical model under the assumption that the main optical chromophore of H-aggregates is a tetramer resulting from the two most probable processes of inelastic binary collisions in sequence: first, monomers between themselves, and then, between the resulting dimers. The obtained results indicate that in contrast with the compact structure of J-aggregates (brickwork structure), the structure of H-aggregates is not the compact pack-of-cards structure, as stated in the literature, but a loose alternate structure. Based on this theoretical model, a simple general (analytical) method for treating the more complex shapes of optical bands in polymethine dyes in comparison with the H-band under consideration is proposed. This method mirrors the physical process of molecular aggregates forming in liquid solutions: aggregates are generated in the most probable processes of inelastic multiple binary collisions between polymethine species generally differing in complexity. The results obtained are given against a background of the theoretical results on the shape of optical bands in polymethine dyes and their aggregates (dimers, H*- and J-aggregates) previously obtained by V.V.E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Egorov
- Photochemistry Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7a Novatorov Street, Moscow 119421, Russian Federation
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