Spatial Epidemiology of Signet-ring Cell Colorectal Cancer in India

Background

Signet-ring cell colorectal carcinoma (SRCC) is an extremely aggressive yet uncommon histologic subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) with an unknown etiology. There is a stark difference in the prevalence of signet cancers between Western countries and the Indian subcontinent; however, India itself is a vast and diverse country with variable cancer incidence.

Objective

To study the spatial epidemiology of SRCC in India for identifying regions with high prevalence.

Methods

This retrospective study included all patients diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma at Tata Memorial Hospital, the largest colorectal cancer referral unit in India, between January 2020 and December 2022. Geocoding based on the location of the residence was done to map the incidences. Comparisons were performed between the proportion of signet cell and non-signet colorectal cancers.

Results

A total of 4100 patients with colon or rectal adenocarcinomas were included, of which signet cell histology was found in 624 (15%) patients. SRCC accounted for the highest proportions of CRCs in the Central (19%) and Northern (19%) regions, and the lowest in the North-Eastern (10%) and Western (12%) regions of India (P < 0.001), with non-overlapping confidence intervals. Compared with patients with non-signet CRCs, those with SRCC more commonly had colon cancers (22% vs. 17%; P = 0.003) and belonged to a lower socioeconomic background (67% vs. 59%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study found that SRCCs accounted for a significant proportion of CRC cases in India, but there was no substantial disparity in distribution across regions.