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Wathen CA, Ghenbot YG, Ozturk AK, Cullen DK, O’Donnell JC, Petrov D. Porcine Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2202. [PMID: 37626699 PMCID: PMC10452184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large animal models of spinal cord injury may be useful tools in facilitating the development of translational therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Porcine models of SCI are of particular interest due to significant anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans. The similar size and functional organization of the porcine spinal cord, for instance, may facilitate more accurate evaluation of axonal regeneration across long distances that more closely resemble the realities of clinical SCI. Furthermore, the porcine cardiovascular system closely resembles that of humans, including at the level of the spinal cord vascular supply. These anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans not only enable more representative SCI models with the ability to accurately evaluate the translational potential of novel therapies, especially biologics, they also facilitate the collection of physiologic data to assess response to therapy in a setting similar to those used in the clinical management of SCI. This review summarizes the current landscape of porcine spinal cord injury research, including the available models, outcome measures, and the strengths, limitations, and alternatives to porcine models. As the number of investigational SCI therapies grow, porcine SCI models provide an attractive platform for the evaluation of promising treatments prior to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Wathen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yohannes G. Ghenbot
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali K. Ozturk
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
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Mundaca‐Uribe R, Karshalev E, Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila B, Wei X, Nguyen B, Litvan I, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A Microstirring Pill Enhances Bioavailability of Orally Administered Drugs. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2100389. [PMID: 34194949 PMCID: PMC8224427 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Majority of drugs are administered orally, yet their efficient absorption is often difficult to achieve, with a low dose fraction reaching the blood compartment. Here, a microstirring pill technology is reported with built-in mixing capability for oral drug delivery that greatly enhances bioavailability of its therapeutic payload. Embedding microscopic stirrers into a pill matrix enables faster disintegration and dissolution, leading to improved release profiles of three widely used model drugs, aspirin, levodopa, and acetaminophen, without compromising their loading. Unlike recently developed drug-carrying nanomotors, drug molecules are not associated with the microstirrers, and hence there is no limitation on the loading capacity. These embedded microstirrers are fabricated through the asymmetric coating of titanium dioxide thin film onto magnesium microparticles. In vitro tests illustrate that the embedded microstirrers lead to substantial enhancement of local fluid transport. In vivo studies using murine and porcine models demonstrate that the localized stirring capability of microstirrers leads to enhanced bioavailability of drug payloads. Such improvements are of considerable importance in clinical scenarios where fast absorption and high bioavailability of therapeutics are critical. The encouraging results obtained in porcine model suggest that the microstirring pill technology has translational potential and can be developed toward practical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Mundaca‐Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | | | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
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Tiba MH, McCracken BM, Leander DC, Colmenero CI, Nemzek JA, Sjoding MW, Konopka KE, Flott TL, VanEpps JS, Daniels RC, Ward KR, Stringer KA, Dickson RP. A novel swine model of the acute respiratory distress syndrome using clinically relevant injury exposures. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14871. [PMID: 33991456 PMCID: PMC8123544 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, existing animal models of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have failed to translate preclinical discoveries into effective pharmacotherapy or diagnostic biomarkers. To address this translational gap, we developed a high-fidelity swine model of ARDS utilizing clinically relevant lung injury exposures. Fourteen male swine were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and surgically instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring, blood, and tissue sampling. Animals were allocated to one of three groups: (1) Indirect lung injury only: animals were inoculated by direct injection of Escherichia coli into the kidney parenchyma, provoking systemic inflammation and distributive shock physiology; (2) Direct lung injury only: animals received volutrauma, hyperoxia, and bronchoscope-delivered gastric particles; (3) Combined indirect and direct lung injury: animals were administered both above-described indirect and direct lung injury exposures. Animals were monitored for up to 12 h, with serial collection of physiologic data, blood samples, and radiographic imaging. Lung tissue was acquired postmortem for pathological examination. In contrast to indirect lung injury only and direct lung injury only groups, animals in the combined indirect and direct lung injury group exhibited all of the physiological, radiographic, and histopathologic hallmarks of human ARDS: impaired gas exchange (mean PaO2 /FiO2 ratio 124.8 ± 63.8), diffuse bilateral opacities on chest radiographs, and extensive pathologic evidence of diffuse alveolar damage. Our novel porcine model of ARDS, built on clinically relevant lung injury exposures, faithfully recapitulates the physiologic, radiographic, and histopathologic features of human ARDS and fills a crucial gap in the translational study of human lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad H. Tiba
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Brendan M. McCracken
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Danielle C. Leander
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Carmen I. Colmenero
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jean A. Nemzek
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Unit of Laboratory Animal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Michael W. Sjoding
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and InnovationUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kristine E. Konopka
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Thomas L. Flott
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Clinical PharmacyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - J. Scott VanEpps
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Rodney C. Daniels
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of PediatricsPediatric Critical Care MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kevin R. Ward
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kathleen A. Stringer
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Clinical PharmacyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Myhill LJ, Stolzenbach S, Hansen TVA, Skovgaard K, Stensvold CR, Andersen LO, Nejsum P, Mejer H, Thamsborg SM, Williams AR. Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2557. [PMID: 30473696 PMCID: PMC6237860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet composition may play a crucial role in shaping host immune responses and commensal gut microbiota populations. Bioactive dietary components, such as inulin, have been extensively studied for their bioactive properties, particularly in modulating gut immune function and reducing inflammation. It has been shown that colonization with gastrointestinal parasitic worms (helminths) may alleviate chronic inflammation through promotion of T-helper cell type (Th) 2 and T-regulatory immune responses and alterations in the gut microbiome. In this study, we investigated if dietary inulin could modulate mucosal immune function in pigs during colonization with the porcine whipworm Trichuris suis. T. suis infection induced a typical Th2-biased immune response characterized by transcriptional changes in Th2- and barrier function-related genes, accompanied by intestinal remodeling through increased epithelial goblet and tuft cell proliferation. We observed that inulin also up-regulated Th2-related immune genes (IL13, IL5), and suppressed Th1-related pro-inflammatory genes (IFNG, IL1A, IL8) in the colon. Notably, inulin augmented the T. suis-induced responses with increased transcription of key Th2 and mucosal barrier genes (e.g., IL13, TFF3), and synergistically suppressed pro-inflammatory genes, such as IFNG and CXCL9. 16S rRNA sequencing of proximal colon digesta samples revealed that inulin supplementation reduced the abundance of bacterial phyla linked to inflammation, such as Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and simultaneously increased Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Interestingly, pigs treated with both inulin and T. suis displayed the highest Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes ratio and the lowest gut pH, suggesting an interaction of diet and helminth infection that stimulates the growth of beneficial bacterial species. Overall, our data demonstrate that T. suis infection and inulin co-operatively enhance anti-inflammatory immune responses, which is potentially mediated by changes in microbiota composition. Our results highlight the intricate interactions between diet, immune function and microbiota composition in a porcine helminth infection model. This porcine model should facilitate further investigations into the use of bioactive diets as immunomodulatory mediators against inflammatory conditions, and how diet and parasites may influence gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Myhill
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Stolzenbach
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina V A Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lee O'Brien Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helena Mejer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wardhana A, Lumbuun R, Kurniasari D. How to create burn porcine models: a systematic review. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2018; 31:65-72. [PMID: 30174576 PMCID: PMC6116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of burn patients is challenging, and requires a lot of knowledge and experience gained through research. However, experimental study on humans is not morally and ethically accepted. Porcine is the most frequently used experimental model because pig skin is anatomically and physiologically similar to human skin. We included systematic reviews, meta analyses, and experimental studies of burns using porcine models. We excluded studies conducted more than 10 years ago and which included only thermal injuries. Burn injury made to the porcine model had to be second or third degree. Searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Burns Journal and Cochrane Library revealed 21 relevant studies. Three methods used to create full thickness burn wounds were found: aluminium, brass, and immersion in hot water. The aluminium bar was heated to 200°C and placed on the pig's skin for 20 seconds. For deep dermal burns, there are different methods: modified glass bottle and aluminium bar. The bottle is filled with sterile water and heated to the desired temperature (92°C), then placed on the pig's skin for 15 seconds. To measure burn wound depth, almost all the studies used histopathological evaluation. There was no standardised method to create burn wounds in porcine models. Nevertheless, for deep dermal burn wounds, we can use the modified glass bottle method and for full thickness burn wounds, we can use aluminium or brass. There are no previous studies discussing how to make burn porcine models, nor any studies in this review that focused on creating the burn wound alone. Further studies are needed to achieve better results in creating burn wounds in porcine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wardhana
- Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Impaired intestinal barrier function and relapsing digestive disease: Lessons from a porcine model of early life stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-4. [PMID: 29052972 PMCID: PMC5940449 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, an article by Pohl et al highlights new insights from a powerful porcine model of the link between early life adversity and relapsing functional gastrointestinal disorders. Early weaning stress closely mimics the early life psychosocial stressors that have been linked to adult onset gastrointestinal dysfunction. This early weaning model provides reproducible and highly translatable outcomes in young stress-challenged pigs. Due to the convincingly comparable neurological and gastroenterological anatomy and physiology between pigs and human beings, gastrointestinal stress and injury studies utilizing swine models will provide invaluable insights to improve our understanding and treatment of gastrointestinal disease in human beings. Future studies to examine mechanisms underlying this link between early life adversity and functional gastrointestinal disorders will explore the roles of gender and hypomaturity in gastrointestinal responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - A. T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
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Rødgaard T, Skovgaard K, Moesgaard SG, Cirera S, Christoffersen BØ, Heegaard PMH. Extensive changes in innate immune gene expression in obese Göttingen minipigs do not lead to changes in concentrations of circulating cytokines and acute phase proteins. Anim Genet 2013; 45:67-73. [PMID: 24106888 DOI: 10.1111/age.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of Göttingen minipigs as models for obesity and obesity-related pathologies is well established. The low-grade inflammation associated with obesity involves a range of innate immune factors; however, to our knowledge, the impact of obesity on innate immune factor expression has not been studied in Göttingen minipigs. Therefore, we studied the expression of innate immune genes in liver and adipose tissues as well as serum concentrations of cytokines and acute phase proteins in obese vs. lean Göttingen minipigs. In the liver, of 35 investigated genes, the expression of nine was significantly different in obese pigs (three up-regulated, six down-regulated). Of 33 genes in adipose tissues, obesity was associated with changed expression of 12 genes in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (three up-regulated), 11 in the abdominal retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) (seven of these up-regulated) and eight in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from the neck (five of which were up-regulated). Obesity-associated expression changes were observed for three genes in all adipose tissues, namely chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1 (up-regulated), CD200 molecule (down-regulated) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (up-regulated) with interleukin 1 receptor antagonist being the most highly regulated gene in both VAT and RPAT. Looking at patterns of expression across the three types of adipose tissues, obesity was associated with an increased number of acute phase proteins differentially expressed between adipose tissues and a decreased tissue-specific expression of cytokines and chemokines. In contrast to obese humans, no changes in serum concentrations of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 were found in obese Göttingen minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rødgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
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