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El-Kalyoubi SA, Gomaa HAM, Abdelhafez EMN, Ramadan M, Agili F, Youssif BGM. Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Proliferative Action of Purine/ Pteridine-Based Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of EGFR and BRAF V600E. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050716. [PMID: 37242499 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of novel EGFR and BRAFV600E dual inhibitors is intended to serve as targeted cancer treatment. Two sets of purine/pteridine-based derivatives were designed and synthesized as EGFR/BRAFV600E dual inhibitors. The majority of the compounds exhibited promising antiproliferative activity on the cancer cell lines tested. Compounds 5a, 5e, and 7e of purine-based and pteridine-based scaffolds were identified as the most potent hits in anti-proliferative screening, with GI50 values of 38 nM, 46 nM, and 44 nM, respectively. Compounds 5a, 5e, and 7e demonstrated promising EGFR inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 87 nM, 98 nM, and 92 nM, respectively, when compared to erlotinib's IC50 value of 80 nM. According to the results of the BRAFV600E inhibitory assay, BRAFV600E may not be a viable target for this class of organic compounds. Finally, molecular docking studies were carried out at the EGFR and BRAFV600E active sites to suggest possible binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Hesham A M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 11651, Egypt
| | - Fatimah Agili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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2
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Wang CH, Chen WS, Liu MH, Lee CY, Wang MY, Liang CY, Chu CM, Wu HP, Chen WH. Stress Hyperphenylalaninemia Is Associated With Mortality in Cardiac ICU: Clinical Factors, Genetic Variants, and Pteridines. Crit Care Med 2022; 50:1577-1587. [PMID: 35916411 PMCID: PMC9555827 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperphenylalaninemia predicts poor outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the prognostic value and factors associated with stress hyperphenylalaninemia (SHP) were unknown in critical patients in the cardiac ICU. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Single-center, cardiac ICU in Taiwan. PATIENTS Patients over 20 years old with Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II scores greater than or equal to 15 and/or ventilatory support in the cardiac ICU. INTERVENTIONS We measured plasma phenylalanine levels serially during patients' stays in the ICU to investigate their prognostic value for 90-day mortality. Gene array was performed to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with SHP (phenylalanine level ≥ 11.2 μmol/dL) and to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS). We analyzed the associations between SHP and clinical factors and genetic variants and identified the correlation between pteridines and genetic variants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The study enrolled 497 patients. Increased phenylalanine concentration was independently associated with increased mortality risk. Patients with SHP had a higher mortality risk compared with those without SHP (log rank = 41.13; p < 0.001). SHP was associated with hepatic and renal dysfunction and with genetic polymorphisms on the pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis (CBR1 and AKR1C3) and recycling (PCBD2). Higher GRSs were associated with lower BH4 bioavailability in response to stress ( p < 0.05). In patients without SHP at baseline, those with GRSs gretaer than or equal to 2 had a higher frequency of developing SHP during the ICU stay (31.5% vs 16.1%; p = 0.001) and a higher mortality risk ( p = 0.004) compared with those with GRSs less than 2. In patients with SHP at baseline, genetic variants did not provide additional prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS SHP in patients admitted to the ICU was associated with a worse prognosis. In patients without SHP, genetic polymorphisms associated with SHP measured using a GRS of greater than or equal to 2 was associated with the subsequent SHP and higher mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., School of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Siang Chen
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., Intensive Care Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hui Liu
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Wang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., Intensive Care Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Liang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., Intensive Care Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Chu
- Division of pulmonary, critical care and sleep medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Wu
- Division of pulmonary, critical care and sleep medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Chen
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan., Intensive Care Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
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Amendt J, Bugelli V, Bernhardt V. Time Flies-Age Grading of Adult Flies for the Estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:152. [PMID: 33494172 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of the minimum time since death is one of the main applications of forensic entomology. This can be done by calculating the age of the immature stage of necrophagous flies developing on the corpse, which is confined to approximately 2–4 weeks, depending on temperature and species of the first colonizing wave of flies. Adding the age of the adult flies developed on the dead body could extend this time frame up to several weeks when the body is in a building or closed premise. However, the techniques for accurately estimating the age of adult flies are still in their beginning stages or not sufficiently validated. Here we review the current state of the art of analysing the aging of flies by evaluating the ovarian development, the amount of pteridine in the eyes, the degree of wing damage, the modification of their cuticular hydrocarbon patterns, and the increasing number of growth layers in the cuticula. New approaches, including the use of age specific molecular profiles based on the levels of gene and protein expression and the application of near infrared spectroscopy, are introduced, and the forensic relevance of these methods is discussed.
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Ye X, Zhou L, Jia J, Wei L, Wen Y, Yan X, Huang J, Gan B, Liu K, Lv Y, Hu G. ITRAQ Proteomic Analysis of Yellow and Black Skin in Jinbian Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E226. [PMID: 33007994 PMCID: PMC7601221 DOI: 10.3390/life10100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colors are important phenotypic traits for fitness under natural conditions in vertebrates. Previous studies have reported several functional genes and genetic variations of pigmentation, but the formation mechanisms of various skin coloration remained ambiguous in fish. Jinbian carp, a common carp variant, displays two colors (yellow and black) in the skin, thus, it is a good model for investigating the genetic basis of pigmentation. In the present study, using the Jinbian carp as model, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (ITRAQ) proteomics analysis was performed for yellow and black skin, respectively. The results showed that 467 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the yellow skin and the black skin. Similar to mammals, the up-regulated DEPs in black skin included UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A (Rad23a), melanoregulin (mreg), 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase5 (tyrp1) and melanocyte protein PMEL (PMEL), which were mainly grouped into melanogenesis pathway. However, several up-regulated DEPs in yellow skin were mainly enriched in nucleotide metabolism, such as GTPase IMAP family member 5 (GIMAP5), AMP deaminase 1 (AMPD1), adenosylhomocysteinase b (ahcy-b), and pyruvate kinase (PKM). In summary, several candidate proteins and their enrichment pathways for color variation in Jinbian carp were identified, which may be responsible for the formation of different colorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchen Ye
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Lingling Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jingyi Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Lingjing Wei
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yanhong Wen
- Extension Station of Fisheries Technology of Liuzhou, Liuzhou 545006, China; (Y.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Xueyu Yan
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Jie Huang
- Extension Station of Fisheries Technology of Liuzhou, Liuzhou 545006, China; (Y.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Baojiang Gan
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Kang Liu
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yejian Lv
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530031, China; (X.Y.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (B.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Guangfu Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
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McLean CA, Lutz A, Rankin KJ, Elliott A, Moussalli A, Stuart-Fox D. Red carotenoids and associated gene expression explain colour variation in frillneck lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191172. [PMID: 31311479 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis in evolutionary ecology is that red-orange ornamental colours reliably signal individual quality owing to limited dietary availability of carotenoids and metabolic costs associated with their production, such as the bioconversion of dietary yellow carotenoids to red ketocarotenoids. However, in ectothermic vertebrates, these colours can also be produced by self-synthesized pteridine pigments. As a consequence, the relative ratio of pigment types and their biochemical and genetic basis have implications for the costs and information content of colour signals; yet they remain poorly known in most taxonomic groups. We tested whether red- and yellow-frilled populations of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii, differ in the ratio of different biochemical classes of carotenoid and pteridine pigments, and examined associated differences in gene expression. We found that, unlike other squamate reptiles, red hues derive from a higher proportion of ketocarotenoids relative to both dietary yellow carotenoids and to pteridines. Whereas red frill skin showed higher expression of several genes associated with carotenoid metabolism, yellow frill skin showed higher expression of genes associated with steroid hormones. Based on the different mechanisms underlying red and yellow signals, we hypothesize that frill colour conveys different information in the two populations. More generally, the data expand our knowledge of the genetic and biochemical basis of colour signals in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A McLean
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Adrian Lutz
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katrina J Rankin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adam Elliott
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adnan Moussalli
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Lister JA. Larval but not adult xanthophore pigmentation in zebrafish requires GTP cyclohydrolase 2 (gch2) function. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:724-727. [PMID: 30896066 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although xanthophores are found widely among poikilothermic species, the developmental and biochemical pathways underlying differentiation of these pteridine- and carotenoid-containing cells remain murky. I have identified a recessive zebrafish mutant, camembert (cmm), which displays defective xanthophore pigmentation during embryonic and larval stages with cells appearing grayish rather than yellow, but as an adult appears to have normally pigmented xanthophores and wild-type stripe pattern. Examination of molecular markers reveals that xanthophores are present in typical numbers and position in cmm embryos; however, the localization of transcripts for the gene GTP cyclohydrolase 2 (gch2), encoding a critical protein in the pteridine biosynthetic pathway, is strikingly altered. RT-PCR analysis indicates that gch2 transcripts in mutant embryos skip an exon or retain the intron upstream and that no correctly spliced mRNA is made. Sequencing of genomic DNA reveals that the skipped exon is intact, but the retained intron contains a deletion of approximately 180 base pairs, just upstream of the splice acceptor. Microinjection of a gch2 BAC clone rescues yellow pigmentation in camembert larvae, confirming that the pigmentation defect is due to mutation of gch2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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7
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Brent CS, Hull JJ. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of eye coloration genes in the western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus Knight). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2019; 100:e21527. [PMID: 30588650 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect eye coloration arises from the accumulation of various pigments. A number of genes that function in the biosynthesis (vermilion, cinnabar, and cardinal) and importation (karmoisin, white, scarlet, and brown) of these pigments, and their precursors, have been identified in diverse species and used as markers for transgenesis and gene editing. To examine their suitability as visible markers in Lygus hesperus Knight (western tarnished plant bug), transcriptomic data were screened for sequences exhibiting homology with the Drosophila melanogaster proteins. Complete open reading frames encoding putative homologs for all seven genes were identified. Bioinformatic-based sequence and phylogenetic analyses supported initial annotations as eye coloration genes. Consistent with their proposed role, each of the genes was expressed in adult heads as well as throughout nymphal and adult development. Adult eyes of those injected with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for karmoisin, vermilion, cinnabar, cardinal, and scarlet were characterized by a red band along the medial margin extending from the rostral terminus to the antenna. In contrast, eyes of insects injected with dsRNAs for both white and brown were a uniform light brown. White knockdown also produced cuticular and behavioral defects. Based on its expression profile and robust visible phenotype, cardinal would likely prove to be the most suitable marker for developing gene editing methods in Lygus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Brent
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Center, Maricopa, Arizona
| | - J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Center, Maricopa, Arizona
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Carmona-Martínez V, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Vera M, Guirado A, Martínez-Esparza M, García-Peñarrubia P. Therapeutic potential of pteridine derivatives: A comprehensive review. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:461-516. [PMID: 30341778 DOI: 10.1002/med.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pteridines are aromatic compounds formed by fused pyrazine and pyrimidine rings. Many living organisms synthesize pteridines, where they act as pigments, enzymatic cofactors, or immune system activation molecules. This variety of biological functions has motivated the synthesis of a huge number of pteridine derivatives with the aim of studying their therapeutic potential. This review gathers the state-of-the-art of pteridine derivatives, describing their biological activities and molecular targets. The antitumor activity of pteridine-based compounds is one of the most studied and advanced therapeutic potentials, for which several molecular targets have been identified. Nevertheless, pteridines are also considered as very promising therapeutics for the treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases. On the other hand, many pteridine derivatives have been tested for antimicrobial activities but, although some of them resulted to be active in preliminary assays, a deeper research is needed in this area. Moreover, pteridines may be of use in the treatment of many other diseases, such as diabetes, osteoporosis, ischemia, or neurodegeneration, among others. Thus, the diversity of the biological activities shown by these compounds highlights the promising therapeutic use of pteridine derivatives. Indeed, methotrexate, pralatrexate, and triamterene are Food and Drug Administration approved pteridines, while many others are currently under study in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carmona-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Guirado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Xiong X, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Simultaneous determination of twelve polar pteridines including dihydro- and tetrahydropteridine in human urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4244. [PMID: 29575016 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pteridines and their derivatives are important cofactors in the process of cell metabolism, and the level of urinary excretion of these compounds is considered as an important clinical criterion. In this work, a new separation method involving hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with tandem mass spectrometric detection has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 12 pteridines including oxidized, di- and tetrahydroforms, namely neopterin, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, biopterin, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin, dimethylpterin, dimethyltetrahydropterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin, xanthopterin, sepiapterin and pterin-6-carboxylic acid, in human urine without oxidative pretreatments. The stabilizing agent (dithiothreitol) at various concentrations and the stability of oxidized, di- and tetrahydroforms during the sample's short-term storage and processing and of the extracts were tested. In the developed method, 12 pteridines were chromatographically separated on an ZIC-HILIC column by gradient elution, and the run time was 20 min. Matrix effect was evaluated and several dilutions of urine were tested in order to study the evolution of signal suppression. Spiked recovery studies demonstrated that the technique was both accurate (83.1-116.7%) and precise (RSD 1.4-15.6%). Finally, several clinical urine specimens without oxidative pretreatments were examined with the new technique and compared with previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Lewis AC, Rankin KJ, Pask AJ, Stuart-Fox D. Stress-induced changes in color expression mediated by iridophores in a polymorphic lizard. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8262-8272. [PMID: 29075447 PMCID: PMC5648675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is an important potential factor mediating a broad range of cellular pathways, including those involved in condition‐dependent (i.e., honest) color signal expression. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and color expression are largely unknown. We artificially elevated circulating corticosterone levels in male tawny dragon lizards, Ctenophorus decresii, to assess the effect of stress on the throat color signal. Corticosterone treatment increased luminance (paler throat coloration) and decreased the proportion of gray, thereby influencing the gray reticulations that produce unique patterning. The magnitude of change in luminance for corticosterone‐treated individuals in our study was around 6 “just noticeable differences” to the tawny dragon visual system, suggesting that lizards are likely to be able to perceive the measured variation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of iridophore cells indicated that luminance increased with increasing density of iridophore cells and increased spacing (and/or reduced size) of crystalline guanine platelets within them. Crystal spacing within iridophores also differed between skin colors, being greater in cream than either gray or yellow skin and greater in orange than yellow skin. Our results demonstrate that stress detectably impacts signal expression (luminance and patterning), which may provide information on individual condition. This effect is likely to be mediated, at least in part, by structural coloration produced by iridophore cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Lewis
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia
| | - Katrina J Rankin
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the molybdopterin/molybdenum cofactor (Moco) oxidation product dephospho Form A is described that assembles the pteridinone system starting from an iodinated aminopyrazine. The sodium salt of dephospho Form A could be purified by precipitation from methanol, which paved the way to the title compound in the 100 mg range. By HPLC, the synthetic material was compared with a sample isolated from a recombinant Moco containing protein. Analysis of dephospho Form A is the only method that allows the quantification of the Moco content of crude cell extracts and recombinant protein preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Klewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kruse
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Sivajeyanthi P, Balasubramani K, Jeevaraj M, Thanigaimani K, Khalib NC, Razak IA. Crystal structure of 2,4-di-amino-7-(hydroxy-meth-yl)pteridin-1-ium nitrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o376-7. [PMID: 26090174 PMCID: PMC4459323 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015008397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal of the title mol-ecular salt, C7H9N6O(+)·NO3 (-), the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (100). Within the sheets there are numerous hydrogen-bonding ring motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyappan Sivajeyanthi
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Thanthonimalai, Karur 639 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasthuri Balasubramani
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Thanthonimalai, Karur 639 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthaiah Jeevaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Thanthonimalai, Karur 639 005, Tamil Nadu, India
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