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Johannesen KM, Tümer Z, Weckhuysen S, Barakat TS, Bayat A. Solving the unsolved genetic epilepsies: Current and future perspectives. Epilepsia 2023; 64:3143-3154. [PMID: 37750451 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with epilepsy undergo exome or genome sequencing as part of a diagnostic workup; however, many remain genetically unsolved. There are various factors that account for negative results in exome/genome sequencing for patients with epilepsy: (1) the underlying cause is not genetic; (2) there is a complex polygenic explanation; (3) the illness is monogenic but the causative gene remains to be linked to a human disorder; (4) family segregation with reduced penetrance; (5) somatic mosaicism or the complexity of, for example, a structural rearrangement; or (6) limited knowledge or diagnostic tools that hinder the proper classification of a variant, resulting in its designation as a variant of unknown significance. The objective of this review is to outline some of the diagnostic options that lie beyond the exome/genome, and that might become clinically relevant within the foreseeable future. These options include: (1) re-analysis of older exome/genome data as knowledge increases or symptoms change; (2) looking for somatic mosaicism or long-read sequencing to detect low-complexity repeat variants or specific structural variants missed by traditional exome/genome sequencing; (3) exploration of the non-coding genome including disruption of topologically associated domains, long range non-coding RNA, or other regulatory elements; and finally (4) transcriptomics, DNA methylation signatures, and metabolomics as complementary diagnostic methods that may be used in the assessment of variants of unknown significance. Some of these tools are currently not integrated into standard diagnostic workup. However, it is reasonable to expect that they will become increasingly available and improve current diagnostic capabilities, thereby enabling precision diagnosis in patients who are currently undiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Johannesen
- Department of Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, The Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Centre for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Discovery Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, The Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Areblom M, Kjellström S, Andréasson S, Öhberg A, Gränse L, Kjellström U. A Description of the Yield of Genetic Reinvestigation in Patients with Inherited Retinal Dystrophies and Previous Inconclusive Genetic Testing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1413. [PMID: 37510321 PMCID: PMC10379620 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present era of evolving gene-based therapies for inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs), it has become increasingly important to verify the genotype in every case, to identify all subjects eligible for treatment. Moreover, combined insight concerning phenotypes and genotypes is crucial for improved understanding of thevisual impairment, prognosis, and inheritance. The objective of this study was to investigate to what extent renewed comprehensive genetic testing of patients diagnosed with IRD but with previously inconclusive DNA test results can verify the genotype, if confirmation of the genotype has an impact on the understanding of the clinical picture, and, to describe the genetic spectrum encountered in a Swedish IRD cohort. The study included 279 patients from the retinitis pigmentosa research registry (comprising diagnosis within the whole IRD spectrum), hosted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University hospital, Sweden. The phenotypes had already been evaluated with electrophysiology and other clinical tests, e.g., visual acuity, Goldmann perimetry, and fundus imaging at the first visit, sometime between 1988-2015 and the previous-in many cases, multiple-genetic testing, performed between 1995 and 2020 had been inconclusive. All patients were aged 0-25 years at the time of their first visit. Renewed genetic testing was performed using a next generation sequencing (NGS) IRD panel including 322 genes (Blueprint Genetics). Class 5 and 4 variants, according to ACMG guidelines, were considered pathogenic. Of the 279 samples tested, a confirmed genotype was determined in 182 (65%). The cohort was genetically heterogenous, including 65 different genes. The most prevailing were ABCA4 (16.5%), RPGR (6%), CEP290 (6%), and RS1 (5.5%). Other prevalent genes were CACNA1F (3%), PROM1 (3%), CHM (3%), and NYX (3%). In 7% of the patients there was a discrepancy between the diagnosis made based on phenotypical or genotypical findings alone. To conclude, repeated DNA-analysis was beneficial also in previously tested patients and improved our ability to verify the genotype-phenotype association increasing the understanding of how visual impairment manifests, prognosis, and the inheritance pattern. Moreover, repeated testing using a widely available method could identify additional patients eligible for future gene-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Areblom
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sten Andréasson
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lotta Gränse
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Kjellström
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Halfmeyer I, Bartolomaeus T, Popp B, Radtke M, Helms T, Hentschel J, Popp D, Jamra RA. Approach to Cohort-Wide Re-Analysis of Exome Data in 1000 Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010030. [PMID: 36672771 PMCID: PMC9858523 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-analysis of nondiagnostic exome sequencing (ES) has the potential to increase diagnostic yields in individuals with rare diseases, but its implementation in the daily routines of laboratories is limited due to restricted capacities. Here, we describe a systematic approach to re-analyse the ES data of a cohort consisting of 1040 diagnostic and nondiagnostic samples. We applied a strict filter cascade to reveal the most promising single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the whole cohort, which led to an average of 0.77 variants per individual that had to be manually evaluated. This variant set revealed seven novel diagnoses (0.8% of all nondiagnostic cases) and two secondary findings. Thirteen additional variants were identified by a scientific approach prior to this re-analysis and were also present in this variant set. This resulted in a total increase in the diagnostic yield of 2.3%. The filter cascade was optimised during the course of the study and finally resulted in sensitivity of 85%. After applying the filter cascade, our re-analysis took 20 h and enabled a workflow that can be used repeatedly. This work is intended to provide a practical recommendation for other laboratories wishing to introduce a resource-efficient re-analysis strategy into their clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Halfmeyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernt Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Functional Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 4A, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Radtke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Helms
- Limbus Medical Technologies GmbH, Neuer Markt 9/10, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hoang Y, Gryzik S, Hoppe I, Rybak A, Schädlich M, Kadner I, Walther D, Vera J, Radbruch A, Groth D, Baumgart S, Baumgrass R. PRI: Re-Analysis of a Public Mass Cytometry Dataset Reveals Patterns of Effective Tumor Treatments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849329. [PMID: 35592315 PMCID: PMC9110672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass cytometry has enabled quantification of up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. It remains a challenge to analyze such high-dimensional data to exploit the richness of the inherent information, even though many valuable new analysis tools have already been developed. We propose a novel algorithm “pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)” to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. PRI is a tool for the analysis and visualization of cytometry data based on a three or more-parametric binning approach, feature engineering of bin properties of multivariate cell data, and a pseudo-multiparametric visualization. Using a publicly available mass cytometry dataset, we proved that reproducible feature engineering and intuitive understanding of the generated bin plots are helpful hallmarks for re-analysis with PRI. In the CD4+T cell population analyzed, PRI revealed two bin-plot patterns (CD90/CD44/CD86 and CD90/CD44/CD27) and 20 bin plot features for threshold-independent classification of mice concerning ineffective and effective tumor treatment. In addition, PRI mapped cell subsets regarding co-expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 with two major transcription factors and further delineated a specific Th1 cell subset. All these results demonstrate the added insights that can be obtained using the non-cluster-based tool PRI for re-analyses of high-dimensional cytometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Hoang
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gryzik
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Hoppe
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rybak
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Schädlich
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kadner
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Bioinformatics, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Groth
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Core Facility Cytometry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Herzig AF, Génin E, Cooper DN, Masson E, Férec C, Chen JM. Role of the Common PRSS1-PRSS2 Haplotype in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis: Meta- and Re-Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1349. [PMID: 33202925 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between a common PRSS1-PRSS2 haplotype and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP), which was revealed by the first genome-wide association study of chronic pancreatitis (CP), has been consistently replicated. However, the association with non-ACP (NACP) has been controversial. Herein, we sought to clarify this basic issue by means of an allele-based meta-analysis of currently available studies. We then used studies informative for genotype distribution to explore the biological mechanisms underlying the association data and to test for gene-environment interaction between the risk haplotype and alcohol consumption by means of a re-analysis. A literature search was conducted to identify eligible studies. A meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager software. The association between the risk genotypes and NACP or ACP was tested for the best-fitting genetic model. Gene-environment interaction was estimated by both case-only and multinomial approaches. Five and eight studies were employed for the meta-analysis of ACP and NACP findings, respectively. The risk allele was significantly associated with both ACP (pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–1.78; p < 0.00001) and NACP (pooled OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17–1.40; p < 0.00001). Consistent with a dosage effect of the risk allele on PRSS1/PRSS2 mRNA expression in human pancreatic tissue, both ACP and NACP association data were best explained by an additive genetic model. Finally, the risk haplotype was found to interact synergistically with alcohol consumption.
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Johnson LK, Alexander H, Brown CT. Re-assembly, quality evaluation, and annotation of 678 microbial eukaryotic reference transcriptomes. Gigascience 2019; 8:5241890. [PMID: 30544207 PMCID: PMC6481552 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo transcriptome assemblies are required prior to analyzing RNA sequencing data from a species without an existing reference genome or transcriptome. Despite the prevalence of transcriptomic studies, the effects of using different workflows, or "pipelines," on the resulting assemblies are poorly understood. Here, a pipeline was programmatically automated and used to assemble and annotate raw transcriptomic short-read data collected as part of the Marine Microbial Eukaryotic Transcriptome Sequencing Project. The resulting transcriptome assemblies were evaluated and compared against assemblies that were previously generated with a different pipeline developed by the National Center for Genome Research. RESULTS New transcriptome assemblies contained the majority of previous contigs as well as new content. On average, 7.8% of the annotated contigs in the new assemblies were novel gene names not found in the previous assemblies. Taxonomic trends were observed in the assembly metrics. Assemblies from the Dinoflagellata showed a higher number of contigs and unique k-mers than transcriptomes from other phyla, while assemblies from Ciliophora had a lower percentage of open reading frames compared to other phyla. CONCLUSIONS Given current bioinformatics approaches, there is no single "best" reference transcriptome for a particular set of raw data. As the optimum transcriptome is a moving target, improving (or not) with new tools and approaches, automated and programmable pipelines are invaluable for managing the computationally intensive tasks required for re-processing large sets of samples with revised pipelines and ensuring a common evaluation workflow is applied to all samples. Thus, re-assembling existing data with new tools using automated and programmable pipelines may yield more accurate identification of taxon-specific trends across samples in addition to novel and useful products for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Johnson
- Department of Population Health, and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Harriet Alexander
- Department of Population Health, and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- Department of Population Health, and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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7
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Huang J, Liu F, Wang B, Tang H, Teng Z, Li L, Qiu Y, Wu H, Chen J. Central and Peripheral Changes in FOS Expression in Schizophrenia Based on Genome-Wide Gene Expression. Front Genet 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30967896 PMCID: PMC6439315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder. Multiple transcriptomic gene expression profiling analysis has been used to identify schizophrenia-associated genes, unravel disease-associated biomarkers, and predict clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify gene expression regulation, underlying pathways, and their roles in schizophrenia pathogenesis. We searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for microarray studies of fibroblasts, lymphoblasts, and post-mortem brains of schizophrenia patients. Our analysis demonstrated high FOS expression in non-neural peripheral samples and low FOS expression in brain tissues of schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls. FOS exhibited predictive value for schizophrenia patients in these datasets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that “amphetamine addiction” was among the top 10 significantly enriched KEGG pathways. FOS and FOSB, which are implicated in the amphetamine addiction pathway, were up-regulated in schizophrenia fibroblast samples. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that proteins closely interacting with FOS-encoded protein were also involved in the amphetamine addiction pathway. Pearson correlation test indicated that FOS showed positive correlation with genes in the amphetamine pathway. The results revealed that FOS was acceptable as a biomarker for schizophrenia and may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Lehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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Abstract
A hypothesized association between callous-unemotional (CU) traits and risk-taking may account for the link between CU traits and real-world risky behaviors, such as illegal behavior. Prior findings show that reward and punishment responsivity differs in relation to CU traits, but is not associated with general risk-taking. However this has only been examined previously with one task, only with a frequentist framework, and with limited interpretation. Here, we expand to another task and to Bayesian analyses. A total of 657 participants (52% female) completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (essentially a gambling task), and the Stoplight driving task, which repeatedly presents participants with riskier or less risky choices to make while driving. We found strong evidence for the null model, in which there is no relation between the two risk-taking tasks and CU traits (R 2 = 0.001; BF 10 = 1/60.22). These results suggest that general risk-taking does not underlie the real-world risky behavior of people with CU traits. Alternative explanations include a different method of valuing certain outcomes.
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