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Michel C, Argudín MDLA, Wautier M, Echahidi F, Prevost B, Vandenberg O, Martiny D, Hallin M. Multiple interspecies recombination events documented by whole-genome sequencing in multidrug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000649.v3. [PMID: 38482359 PMCID: PMC10928409 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000649.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) was long known as an easy-to-treat bacterium, but increasing resistance against beta-lactams and other critically important antibiotics is now a growing concern. We describe here the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of three non-typeable Hi isolates received in 2018-2019 by the Belgian National Reference Centre (NRC) for Haemophilus influenzae, as they presented an unusual multi-resistant profile. Methods All three isolates were sequenced by WGS and mapped to the reference isolate Hi Rd KW20. Shorten uptake signal sequences (USSs) known to be associated with homologous recombination were sought in ftsI, murE and murF genes, and inner partial sequences were compared against the blast nucleotide database to look for similarity with other Haemophilus species. Their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype was studied. Core-genome multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on the NTHi database pubMLST to place our isolates in the actual worldwide epidemiology. Results The isolates also harboured interspecies recombination patterns in the murF-murE-ftsI region involved in cell wall synthesis. The three isolates were multidrug resistant and two of them were also resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and showed a reduced susceptibility to meropenem. All three isolates belonged to the MLST clonal complex (CC) 422, and WGS revealed that the three were very similar. They harboured mobile genetic elements (carrying blaTEM-1B, mefA and msrD genes associated with resistance), mutations in gyrA and parC linked to fluoroquinolone resistance as well as remodelling events in ompP2 that might be related to lower carbapenem susceptibility. Conclusion The Hi evolution towards antimicrobial multiresistance (AMR) is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon, although probably linked to a large degree to the presence of USSs and exchange within the family Pasteurellaceae. To better understand the respective roles of clonal expansion, horizontal gene transfers, spontaneous mutations and interspecies genetic rearrangements in shaping Hi AMR, both analysis of Hi communities over time within individuals and worldwide monitoring of non-typeable Hi causing infections should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Michel
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria De Los Angeles Argudín
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc (CUSL), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Wautier
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fedoua Echahidi
- Department of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Prevost
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Innovation and Business Development Unit, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Delphine Martiny
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mons University, Chemin du Champ de Mars 37, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Hallin
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian National Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kong L, Li S, Zhao Z, Feng J, Fu X, Li H, Zhu J, Wang Y, Tang W, Yuan C, Li F, Han X, Wu D, Kong X, Sun L. Exploring factors impacting haplotype-based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis for single-gene recessive disorders. Clin Genet 2024; 105:52-61. [PMID: 37822034 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Haplotype-based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is applicable for various recessive single-gene disorders in proband families. However, a comprehensive exploration of critical factors influencing the assay performance, such as fetal fraction, informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) count, and recombination events, has yet to be performed. It is critical to identify key factors affecting NIPD performance, including its accuracy and success rate, and their impact on clinical diagnostics to guide clinical practice. We conducted a prospective study, recruiting 219 proband families with singleton pregnancies at risk for eight recessive single-gene disorders (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, phenylketonuria, methylmalonic acidemia, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, non-syndromic hearing loss, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia) at 7-14 weeks of gestation. Haplotype-based NIPD was performed by evaluating the relative haplotype dosage (RHDO) in maternal circulation, and the results were validated via invasive prenatal diagnosis or newborn follow-ups. Among the 219 families, the median gestational age at first blood draw was 8+5 weeks. Initial testing succeeded for 190 families and failed for 29 due to low fetal fraction (16), insufficient informative SNPs (9), and homologous recombination near pathogenic variation (4). Among low fetal fraction families, successful testing was achieved for 11 cases after a redraw, while 5 remained inconclusive. Test failures linked to insufficient informative SNPs correlated with linkage disequilibrium near the genes, with F8 and MMUT exhibiting the highest associated failure rates (14.3% and 25%, respectively). Homologous recombination was relatively frequent around the DMD and SMN1 genes (8.8% and 4.8%, respectively) but led to detection failure in only 44.4% (4/9) of such cases. All NIPD results from the 201 successful families were consistent with invasive diagnostic findings or newborn follow-up. Fetal fraction, informative SNPs count, and homologous recombination are pivotal to NIPD performance. Redrawing blood effectively improves the success rate for low fetal fraction samples. However, informative SNPs count and homologous recombination rates vary significantly across genes, necessitating careful consideration in clinical practice. We have designed an in silico method based on linkage disequilibrium data to predict the number of informative SNPs. This can identify genomic regions where there might be an insufficient number of SNPs, thereby guiding panel design. With these factors properly accounted for, NIPD is highly accurate and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrong Kong
- Department of Fetal Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanyun Li
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Zhu
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiqin Tang
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujuan Han
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wu
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luming Sun
- Department of Fetal Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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McCarty KJ, Haywood ME, Lee R, Henry L, Arnold A, McReynolds S, McCallie B, Schoolcraft B, Katz-Jaffe M. Segmental aneuploid hotspots identified across the genome concordant on reanalysis. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 29:6865036. [PMID: 36458926 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize a large set of full segmental aneuploidies identified in trophectoderm (TE) biopsies and evaluate concordance in human blastocysts. Full segmental aneuploid errors were identified in TE biopsies (n = 2766) from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploid (PGT-A) cycles. Full segmental deletions (n = 1872; 66.1%) presented twice as many times as duplications (n = 939; 33.9%), mapped more often to the q-arm (n = 1696; 61.3%) than the p-arm (n = 847; 31.0%) or both arms (n = 223; 8.1%; P < 0.05), and were eight times more likely to include the distal end of a chromosome than not (P < 0.05). Additionally, 37 recurring coordinates (each ≥ 10 events) were discovered across 17 different chromosomes, which were also significantly enriched for distal regions (P = 4.1 × 10-56). Blinded concordance analysis of 162 dissected blastocysts validated the original TE PGT-A full segmental result for a concordance of 96.3% (n = 156); remaining dissected blastocysts were identified as mosaic (n = 6; 3.7%). Origin of aneuploid analysis revealed full segmental aneuploid errors were mostly paternally derived (67%) in contrast to whole chromosome aneuploid errors (5.8% paternally derived). Errors from both parental gametes were observed in 6.5% of aneuploid embryos when multiple whole chromosomes were affected. The average number of recombination events was significantly less in paternally derived (1.81) compared to maternally derived (3.81) segmental aneuploidies (P < 0.0001). In summary, full segmental aneuploidies were identified at hotspots across the genome and were highly concordant upon blinded analysis. Nevertheless, future studies assessing the reproductive potential of full (non-mosaic) segmental aneuploid embryos are critical to rule out potential harmful reproductive risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E Haywood
- Colorado Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Lee
- Colorado Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | - Lauren Henry
- Colorado Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | - Alison Arnold
- Colorado Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
| | | | - Blair McCallie
- Colorado Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, CO, USA
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Fallah M, Jean M, Boucher St-Amour VT, O'Donoughue L, Belzile F. The construction of a high-density consensus genetic map for soybean based on SNP markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing. Genome 2022; 65:413-425. [PMID: 35658547 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage maps are used to localize markers on the genome based on the recombination frequency. Most often, these maps are based on the segregation observed within a single biparental population of limited size (n < 300) where relatively few recombination events are sampled and in which some genomic regions are monomorphic because both parents carry the same alleles. Together, these two limitations affect both the resolution and extent of genome coverage of such maps. Consensus genetic maps overcome the limitations of individual genetic maps by merging the information from multiple segregating populations derived from a greater diversity of parental combinations, thus increasing the number of recombination events and reducing the number of monomorphic regions. The aim of this study was to construct a high-density consensus genetic map for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained through a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. Individual genetic maps were generated from six F4:5 mapping populations (n = 278-365), totaling 1857 individuals. The six linkage maps were then merged to produce a consensus map comprising a total of 16 311 mapped SNPs that jointly cover 99.5% of the soybean genome with only two gaps larger than 10 cM. Compared to previous soybean consensus maps, it offers a more extensive and uniform coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Fallah
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Department of Phytology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Martine Jean
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Department of Phytology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent-Thomas Boucher St-Amour
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Department of Phytology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louise O'Donoughue
- CÉROM, Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc., Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC J3G 0E2, Canada
| | - François Belzile
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Department of Phytology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Geng X, Xia Y, Chen H, Du K, Yang J, Kang X. High-Frequency Homologous Recombination Occurred Preferentially in Populus. Front Genet 2021; 12:703077. [PMID: 34490036 PMCID: PMC8417060 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.703077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR), the most significant event in meiosis, has important implications for genetic diversity and evolution in organisms. Heteroduplex DNA (hDNA), the product of HR, can be captured by artificially induced chromosome doubling during the development of the embryo sac to inhibit postmeiotic segregation, subsequently, and hDNAs are directly detected using codominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In the present study, two hybrid triploid populations derived from doubling the chromosomes of the embryo sac induced by high temperature in Populus tomentosa served as starting materials. Eighty-seven, 62, and 79 SSR markers on chromosomes 01, 04, and 19, respectively, that were heterozygous in the maternal parent and different from the paternal parent were screened to detect and characterize the hDNA in P. tomentosa. The results showed that the hDNA frequency patterns on chromosomes changed slightly when the number of SSR primers increased. The highest hDNA frequency occurred at the adjacent terminal on chromosomes, which was slightly higher than those at the terminals in the two genotypic individuals, and the hDNA frequency gradually decreased as the locus-centromere distance decreased. With the increase in the number of SSR markers employed for detection, the number of recombination events (REs) detected significantly increased. In regions with high methylation or long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon enrichment, the frequency of hDNA was low, and high frequencies were observed in regions with low sequence complexity and high gene density. High-frequency recombination occurring at high gene density regions strongly affected the association between molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which was an important factor contributing to the difficulty encountered by MAS in achieving the expected breeding results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Geng
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Moreno A, Franzo G, Massi P, Tosi G, Blanco A, Antilles N, Biarnes M, Majó N, Nofrarías M, Dolz R, Lelli D, Sozzi E, Lavazza A, Cecchinato M. A novel variant of the infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination events in Italy and Spain. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:28-35. [PMID: 27329854 PMCID: PMC7114073 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is considered to be one of the most devastating diseases in poultry. Control of its spread is typically attempted through biosecurity measures and extensive vaccination. However, the remarkable genetic and antigenic variability of the virus, which originate from both mutations and recombination events, represents an unsolved challenge for this disease. The present study reports on the emergence and spread of recombinant clusters detected in Italy and Spain between 2012 and 2014. A total of 36 Spanish and Italian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field strains were investigated and genetically characterized using phylogenetic, molecular, recombination and selection pressure analyses of the complete S1 gene. Based on the partial S1 sequencing, 27 IBV strains originating from Spain and nine from Italy were initially classified as being closely related to the Guandong/Xindadi (XDN) genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S1 gene revealed that the XDN strains formed a homogeneous clade with the Spanish IBV isolates within the QX genotype, whereas there was higher variability within the Italian strains. Recombination analysis determined that these strains belonged to four groups, which originated from independent recombination events between the QX and 793B IBV genotypes. Our data support the hypothesis of two different scenarios: firstly, in Spain, the large and homogeneous clade probably originated from a single offspring of the recombinant founder, which became dominant and spread throughout the country. Secondly, the nine Italian recombinants, which are characterized by three different recombination patterns, probably represent less fitted strains, because they were less viable with respect to their recombinant parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) , Brescia , Italy
| | - G Franzo
- b Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health , Padua University , Legnaro , Italy
| | - P Massi
- c Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna , Forlì , Italy
| | - G Tosi
- c Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna , Forlì , Italy
| | - A Blanco
- d CESAC-Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó , Reus , Spain
| | - N Antilles
- d CESAC-Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó , Reus , Spain
| | - M Biarnes
- d CESAC-Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó , Reus , Spain
| | - N Majó
- e Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA , Barcelona , Spain
| | - M Nofrarías
- e Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA , Barcelona , Spain
| | - R Dolz
- e Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA , Barcelona , Spain
| | - D Lelli
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) , Brescia , Italy
| | - E Sozzi
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) , Brescia , Italy
| | - A Lavazza
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) , Brescia , Italy
| | - M Cecchinato
- b Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health , Padua University , Legnaro , Italy
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Abstract
Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis strains belonging to sequence type 4821 clonal complex (CC4821), a hyperinvasive lineage first identified for serogroup C in 2003, have been increasingly isolated in China. We characterized the outer membrane protein genes of 48 serogroup B and 214 serogroup C strains belonging to CC4821 and analyzed the genomic sequences of 22 strains. Four serogroup B strains had porin A (i.e., PorA), PorB, and ferric enterobactin transport (i.e., FetA) genotypes identical to those for serogroup C. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomic sequences showed that the 22 CC4821 strains from patients and healthy carriers were unevenly clustered into 2 closely related groups; each group contained serogroup B and C strains. Serogroup B strains appeared variable at the capsule locus, and several recombination events had occurred at uncertain breakpoints. These findings suggest that CC4821 serogroup C N. meningitidis is the probable origin of highly pathogenic CC4821 serogroup B strains.
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