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Yang J, Wang K, Yang Z. Treatment strategies for clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Past, present and future. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133832. [PMID: 37025584 PMCID: PMC10070676 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent histological subtype of kidney cancer, which is prone to metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The burden it places on human health due to its refractory nature and rising incidence rate is substantial. Researchers have recently determined the ccRCC risk factors and optimized the clinical therapy based on the disease's underlying molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we review the established clinical therapies and novel potential therapeutic approaches for ccRCC, and we support the importance of investigating novel therapeutic options in the context of combining established therapies as a research hotspot, with the goal of providing diversified therapeutic options that promise to address the issue of drug resistance, with a view to the early realization of precision medicine and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichun Yang,
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2
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Fang P, Zhou L, Lim LY, Fu H, Yuan ZX, Lin J. Targeting Strategies for Renal Cancer Stem Cell Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1964-1978. [PMID: 32188377 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200318153106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an intractable genitourinary malignancy that accounts for approximately 4% of adult malignancies. Currently, there is no approved targeted therapy for RCC that has yielded durable remissions, and they remain palliative in intent. Emerging evidence has indicated that renal tumorigenesis and RCC treatment-resistance may originate from renal cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating capacity (CSC hypothesis). A better understanding of the mechanism underlying renal CSCs will help to dissect RCC heterogeneity and drug treatment efficiency, to promote more personalized and targeted therapies. In this review, we summarized the stem cell characteristics of renal CSCs. We outlined the targeting strategies and challenges associated with developing therapies that target renal CSCs angiogenesis, immunosuppression, signaling pathways, surface biomarkers, microRNAs and nanomedicine. In conclusion, CSCs are an important role in renal carcinogenesis and represent a valid target for treatment of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lee Y Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Perth, Australia
| | - Hualin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Zhang T, Sun H, Liu R, Cao W, Zhang T, Li E, Sun X, Wu W, Yu D, Zhong C. Nanog mediates tobacco smoke-induced enhancement of renal cancer stem cell properties. Environ Toxicol 2020; 35:1274-1283. [PMID: 32649042 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanog plays an important role in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which participate in tumorgenesis and progression. In renal cancer, tobacco smoke (TS) is considered a major risk factor. However, the molecular mechanism by which TS induces the development of renal CSC properties remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the level of Nanog was elevated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with a smoking history, and that Nanog overexpression promoted the traits of CSCs in renal cancer. We further demonstrated that a 8-week exposure of TS enhanced the formation of renal tumorspheres, increased the population of CD133-positive cells, and stimulated the expression of Nanog and CSC markers. In addition, TS was found to play a role in accelerating the cell growth transition from G1 to S phase in renal CSCs. Finally, we demonstrated that the TS-induced effects in renal CSCs could be reversed through the downregulation of Nanog. Our results suggested that Nanog plays a role in mediating TS-induced renal CSC properties. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of TS-related renal tumorigenesis, which can contribute to the future development of therapeutics for renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongliang Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wanshuang Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Enlai Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wangyu Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Li E, Zhang T, Sun X, Li Y, Geng H, Yu D, Zhong C. Sonic hedgehog pathway mediates genistein inhibition of renal cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3081-3091. [PMID: 31452785 PMCID: PMC6704282 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in the genesis, progression and recurrence of renal cancer. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway serves a critical role in maintaining the stemness of CSCs. Genistein, a major isoflavone component extracted from soybeans and soy products, has been demonstrated to possess anticancer activity. However, the effects of genistein on renal CSCs and its underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the Shh pathway in genistein inhibition of renal CSCs. The results of the present study demonstrated that expression levels of renal CSC markers were markedly upregulated in the sphere-forming cells, which were isolated and enriched from 786-O and ACHN cells in a tumor sphere formation assay, and more cells were arrested at the G0/G1 phase instead of the S1 phase compared with the adherent cells. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that genistein could effectively diminish the activity of renal CSCs by suppressing tumor sphere formation, decreasing renal CSCs markers, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, the downregulation of Shh pathway activity could inhibit renal CSCs. Genistein exhibited an inhibitory effect on renal CSCs by attenuating the activation of the Shh pathway. In conclusion, the results illustrated the role of the Shh pathway in regulating renal CSC traits and the intervention of renal CSCs by genistein, which could provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of renal CSC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enlai Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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5
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Grange C, Brossa A, Bussolati B. Extracellular Vesicles and Carried miRNAs in the Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081832. [PMID: 31013896 PMCID: PMC6514717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) involve many cell types, such as cancer stem and differentiated cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells. These all contribute to the creation of a favorable tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be efficient messengers that facilitate the exchange of information within the different tumor cell types. Indeed, tumor EVs display features of their originating cells and force recipient cells towards a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the biological role of EVs, shed by renal tumor cells and renal cancer stem cells in different aspects of RCC progression, such as angiogenesis, immune escape and tumor growth. Moreover, a specific role for renal cancer stem cell derived EVs is described in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. We also highlight the tumor EV cargo, especially the oncogenic miRNAs, which are involved in these processes. Finally, the circulating miRNAs appear to be a promising source of biomarkers in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessia Brossa
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Si Y, Liu J, Shen H, Zhang C, Wu Y, Huang Y, Gong Z, Xue J, Liu T. Fisetin decreases TET1 activity and CCNY/CDK16 promoter 5hmC levels to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of renal cancer stem cell. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1095-1105. [PMID: 30411496 PMCID: PMC6349178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural flavonol, fisetin has significant inhibitory effects on many cancers. Although fisetin can inhibit kidney cancer, its effects on kidney renal stem cells (HuRCSCs) remain unknown. Our study found that renal cancer tissues and CD44+/CD105+ HuRCSCs both show high TET1 protein expression. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that fisetin can effectively inhibit HuRCSC cell division and proliferation, invasion, in vivo tumourigenesis and angiogenesis. Our findings showed that fisetin can significantly decrease TET1 expression levels in HuRCSCs and overall 5hmC levels in the genomes of these cells. At the same time, ChIP‐PCR results showed that fisetin can effectively inhibit 5hmC modification levels at the CpG islands in cyclin Y (CCNY) and CDK16 and reduce their transcription and activity. Thus, we conclude that fisetin inhibits the epigenetic mechanism in renal cancer stem cells, that is, fisetin inhibits TET1 expression and reduces 5hmC modification in specific loci in the promoters of CCNY/CDK16 in HuRSCs. This in turn inhibits transcription of these genes, causing cell cycle arrest and ultimately inhibiting renal cancer stem cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Si
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Nursing Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Nursing Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Shen
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Nursing Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhangbin Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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7
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Yuan ZX, Mo J, Zhao G, Shu G, Fu HL, Zhao W. Targeting Strategies for Renal Cell Carcinoma: From Renal Cancer Cells to Renal Cancer Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:423. [PMID: 27891093 PMCID: PMC5103413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common form of urologic tumor that originates from the highly heterogeneous epithelium of renal tubules. Over the last decade, targeting therapies to renal cancer cells have transformed clinical care for RCC. Recently, it was proposed that renal cancer stem cells (CSCs) isolated from renal carcinomas were responsible for driving tumor growth and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, according to the theory of CSCs; this has provided the rationale for therapies targeting this aggressive cell population. Precise identification of renal CSC populations and the complete cell hierarchy will accurately inform characterization of disease subtypes. This will ultimately contribute to more personalized and targeted therapies. Here, we summarize potential targeting strategies for renal cancer cells and renal CSCs, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR), interleukins, CSC marker inhibitors, bone morphogenetic protein-2, antibody drug conjugates, and nanomedicine. In conclusion, targeting therapies for RCC represent new directions for exploration and clinical investigation and they plant a seed of hope for advanced clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxin Mo
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guixian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Lin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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