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Qin J, Zhao X, He J, Jia X, Zhang B. Development and validation of the perceived restorative soundscape scale for children. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1362096. [PMID: 38590334 PMCID: PMC10999561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1362096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prolonged exposure to noise environments can induce stress and fatigue, even impacting individuals' physical and mental health. Conversely, positive soundscapes can have a beneficial impact on health by alleviating stress and fatigue, promoting psychological recovery. To assess the restorative potential of soundscapes, various scales have been developed to create environments conducive to recovery. However, current research on perceptual restorativeness soundscape scales primarily focuses on adults, lacking a dedicated scale for children to evaluate the restorative potential of their surrounding acoustic environments from their perspective. Methods Therefore, this study introduces the development and validation process of the Perceived Restorativeness of Soundscapes Scale for Children (PRSS-C) using survey questionnaires and data statistical analysis. Results The study comprises two experiments. Experiment one aims to develop an effective PRSS-C, evaluating the restorative potential of soundscapes in different environments (urban center, urban suburb, and urban peripheral forest) among 185 children aged 10-12. Through a series of analyses, a dual-factor structure scale consisting of 15 items is developed, revealing that the restorative potential of soundscapes is lower in urban centers than in urban suburbs and lower in urban suburbs than in urban peripheral forests. Experiment two aims to further validate the effectiveness of PRSS-C. 244 children aged 10-12 assess the restorative potential of soundscapes in similar environments (two city parks) using the PRSS-C developed in experiment one. Factor analysis confirms the dual-factor structure, with assessment results indicating that the restorative potential of soundscapes in Temple of Heaven Park is lower than in the National Botanical Garden. This suggests that PRSS-C enables children to differentiate the restorative potential of soundscapes in similar environments within the same city, further confirming its effectiveness. Discussion This study successfully develops and validates the PRSS-C through two experiments. The use of this scale allows for the assessment of the restorative potential of acoustic environments surrounding children, providing an effective tool for evaluating and creating positive soundscapes for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Qin
- Architecture College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
- Laboratory of Green Building, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhao
- Architecture College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
- Laboratory of Green Building, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinlong He
- Testing Center, China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Jia
- Architecture College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
- Laboratory of Green Building, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Bolouki A. The impact of virtual reality natural and built environments on affective responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:73-89. [PMID: 36201684 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2130881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the extent to which virtual reality (VR) natural and built settings affect emotional states. Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed were searched for relevant articles prior to February 2022. Of 15 articles identified for systematic review, 6 met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis (studies with only pre- and post-condition measures of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were included). Both positive affect (g = 0.20, p = 0.001) and negative affect (g = - 0.30, p = 0.001) change scores for the VR natural environment were statistically significant. On the other hand, change scores for VR built environment were not significant in both positive affect (g = - 0.08, p = 0.355) and negative affect (g = - 0.08, p = 0.058). The findings revealed that, in addition to a VR natural environment, a VR built environment is capable of providing restorative experiences against negative mood in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bolouki
- Master of urban design, Tehran University of Art, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Liu J, Quevedo JMD, Cheng H, Yu K, Kohsaka R. Critical factors influencing visitor emotions: analysis of "restorativeness" in urban park visits in Fuzhou, China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1286518. [PMID: 38074738 PMCID: PMC10703382 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1286518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To date, a comprehensive analysis of urban green space (UGS) visitors' emotional remains largely unexplored. In this study, we focus on how UGS environmental preferences, restorativeness, other physical factors (sound, air, and thermal environments), and individual characteristics affecting visitor emotions. Such a comprehensive analysis would allow relevant practitioners to check the environmental quality of UGSs and improve certain conditions to promote visitor emotions. Methods A total of 904 questionnaire responses with concurrently monitored physical factors were analyzed by independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA and path analysis. Results The thermal evaluation had the largest impact on positive emotions (β = 0.474), followed by perceived restorativeness (β = 0.297), which had β values of -0.120 and -0.158, respectively, on negative emotions. Air evaluation was more effective for increasing positive emotions (β = 0.293) than reducing negative emotions (β = -0.115). Sound evaluation also had similar results (β = 0.330 vs. β = -0.080). Environmental preference significantly influenced only positive emotions (β = 0.181) but could still indirectly impact negative emotions. Moreover, objective physical factors can indirectly affect visitors' emotions by enhancing their evaluations.. Conclusion The influence of different UGS environmental factors on visitors' emotions vary, as does their impacts on positive versus negative emotions. Positive emotions were generally more affected than negative emotions by UGS. Visitor emotions were mainly influenced by physical and psychological factors. Corresponding suggestions are proposed for UGS design and management in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jay Mar D. Quevedo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huishan Cheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kunyong Yu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ryo Kohsaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao J, Nagai Y, Gao W, Shen T, Fan Y. The Effects of Interior Materials on the Restorativeness of Home Environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6364. [PMID: 37510596 PMCID: PMC10379609 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a restorative environment on attention restoration and stress reduction have received much attention in societies, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interior materials are a crucial environmental element influencing people's perceived restorativeness at home. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the links between interior materials and the restorativeness of home environments. To address this gap, this study aimed to investigate the restorative potential of interior materials among a sample of adults in China. Cross-sectional data from 85 participants whose professional majors were related to interior design were selected. The measures of the restorative potential of each interior material were obtained by a questionnaire adapted from the semantic differential method. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the restorative potential of interior materials. We found that glass material had the best restorative potential in home environments. Doubts were raised regarding wood material's restorativeness, and more consideration should be granted for designing a restorative home with wood material. In contrast, metal is not recommended for restorative home design. These findings contribute to the evidence of the restorative effects of home design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yukari Nagai
- School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Art & Design, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Youming Fan
- School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
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5
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Dai X, Tang S. Folk Festivals as Restorative Environments Based on Attention Restoration Theory-The Roles of Liminal Experience and Timing. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1957-1973. [PMID: 37275276 PMCID: PMC10237190 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s411960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the restorative environment has long focused on the natural environment, while the research on the humanistic social environment is still in its infancy. In particular, there has been no special research on the restoration of festival environments. Methods Based on attention restoration theory (ART), Rites of Passage, and social time, a theoretical model of the restorativeness of folk festival environments was established. Through an empirical study of the Qinhuai Lantern Festival Event, the model was tested by structural equation modeling. Results Overall, there were two paths, direct and indirect, for the positive prediction of restoration by being away and compatibility; fascination direct positive predict restoration, and extent could indirectly positive predict restoration through liminal experience; time of visiting played a moderating role in the positive prediction of liminal experience by being away; the direct positive prediction of restoration by extent was significant and moderating during the Lantern Festival and the lantern fair period. Conclusion The folk festival environment is restorative. Folk festival environment restoration has the internal mechanism of "environment restoration feature perception → liminal experience → restoration". The restoration of the folk festival environment is moderated by social time. Significance This is the first time that attention restoration theory (ART) has been applied to the study of a "hard fascination" humanistic social environment, thus yielding empirical evidence for the development of this theory. The results suggest management requirements for the improvement of the indication system of festival tourism destinations and the promotion of rest and leisure facilities, and management tips for the timing decision of festival activities against the background of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Dai
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Tang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Leigh G, Muminovic M, Davey R. Enjoyed by Jack but Endured by Jill: An Exploratory Case Study Examining Differences in Adolescent Design Preferences and Perceived Impacts of a Secondary Schoolyard. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4221. [PMID: 36901232 PMCID: PMC10002286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The school grounds provide students opportunities for respite, relaxation and relief from daily stresses during breaks in the school day. However, it is unclear whether secondary schoolyard designs adequately support the diverse and evolving needs of adolescents, particularly at a time when they are experiencing rapid emotional and physical developmental change. To investigate this, quantitative methods were used to explore differences in perceptions of schoolyard attractiveness and restorative quality based on student gender and year level. A school-wide survey was administered to approximately 284 students in years 7 to 10 at a secondary school in Canberra, Australia. Results indicate significant declines in student perceptions of schoolyard attractiveness and restorative quality. Higher ratings of schoolyard likeability, accessibility, personal connection and restorative quality of 'being away' were associated with male students across all year levels. Further work is needed to explore how schoolyard environments can better support the design preferences and well-being needs of older and female students. Such information would help planners, designers and land managers develop schoolyard designs that are more equitable in their benefits to secondary school students of different genders and year levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gweneth Leigh
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Milica Muminovic
- Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Rachel Davey
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
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7
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Zhu G, Yuan M, Ma H, Luo Z, Shao S. Restorative effect of audio and visual elements in urban waterfront spaces. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1113134. [PMID: 36949907 PMCID: PMC10025321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urban waterfront spaces are often composed of built infrastructures and nature elements. Though citizens could take advantage of these public spaces to relax from daily work, its restorative potential has not been paid enough attention. In this study, the restorative effect and mechanism of different audio and visual elements in urban waterfront spaces was systematically studied. Methods At the first stage, restorative potential of waterfront spaces was investigated and different elements with restorative effects were identified through an on-site survey, in which visual and auditory forms of environmental-nature, animal-nature, on-water human activities and on-shore human activities were identified. At the second stage, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the restorative function of the audio and visual elements. Results and discussion It is found that the degree of artificiality of waterfront space was a crucial factor influencing the restoration level of the space, and higher artificiality level of waterfront space resulted in lower level of perceived restoration. However it was available by adding visual and audio elements to the scene to facilitate the restorative effect in waterfront spaces with high-level artificiality. The effects of adding visual and auditory elements on psychophysiological restoration were explored, and elements that should be recommended and restrained were discussed. Prospects These findings would provide applicable suggestions for future design and rebuilding of urban waterfront spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Zhu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minmin Yuan
- Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Minmin Yuan,
| | - Hui Ma
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Hui Ma,
| | - Zhaoxin Luo
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shegang Shao
- Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing, China
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8
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Ma J. Interaction with Nature Indoor: Psychological Impacts of Houseplants Care Behaviour on Mental Well-Being and Mindfulness in Chinese Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15810. [PMID: 36497883 PMCID: PMC9739745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The rapid growth of urbanisation and the increased prevalence of mental problems have been concerns in China. 'Green prescription' such as keeping houseplants has been found to be an effective means of interacting with nature and improving mental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological effects of keeping houseplants in the home and to examine how 'connection to nature' relates to mental well-being and mindfulness among Chinese adults living in urban areas; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional survey was completed by 421 (66.3% female) participants from 19 representative Chinese cities; (3) Results: Results revealed that participants who self-classified themselves as 'houseplants carers' reported higher levels of mental well-being compared with 'non-houseplants carers'. Specifically, hours spent on taking care of houseplants, the number of houseplants, and the years of keeping houseplants were positively associated with greater levels of mental well-being and the trait of mindfulness. (4) Conclusions: The findings of the current study have implications for use of therapeutic horticulture for people who are seeking to improve their mental well-being and mindfulness in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingni Ma
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
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9
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Xie M, Mao Y, Yang R. Flow experience and city identity in the restorative environment: A conceptual model and nature-based intervention. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1011890. [PMID: 36438280 PMCID: PMC9691857 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within environmental psychology, the restorative environment is receiving increasing attention due to its favorable impact on people's mental recovery, stress reduction, and psychophysiological well-being. Flow theory, as one of the foundations of positive psychology, is a popular theoretical framework for understanding human flourishing and well-being. The restorative environment is suggested to facilitate flow experience and city identity from the perspective of positive environmental psychology. Nonetheless, systematic research investigating them all together can hardly be traced. Thus, through a preliminary review of 169 relevant studies retrieved from the data source, this work proposes a novel theoretical model in which people's interactions within the restorative environment facilitate their experience of flow and perceived city identity. Additionally, this research provides conceptual guidance for city workers to engage in nature-based intervention and leisure therapy for improved well-being. Overall, this review endeavors to contribute to developing urban workers' restoration, happiness, and well-being from both practical and theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China,Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rui Yang
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Li H, Du X, Ma H, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu J. The Effect of Virtual-Reality-Based Restorative Environments on Creativity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12083. [PMID: 36231385 PMCID: PMC9565044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study, based on the theory of restorative environmental, uses virtual reality (VR) technology to construct interactive restorative environments and discusses the influence of the experience of virtual restorative environment on individual creativity. A total of 72 college students were selected as participants in the study. Through psychological scales, three creativity tests, and EEG feedback data, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The VR restorative environment experience improves individual creativity, especially the creative quality of cohesion; (2) the experience of the VR restorative environment enables participants to experience a desirable sense of presence. Compared with the restorative scene experience without interactive activities, the addition of interactive activities improves the individual sensory fidelity to a greater extent. (3) We cannot simply assume that the experience of the VR restorative environment with interactive activities will make individual creative performance better than non-interactive experience. Interaction with certain difficulty will increase cognitive load, thus disrupting individual creative performance. Garden scenes that can be explored freely and have no interaction can better promote individual creativity. (4) In the environmental experience, participants paid greater attention to natural elements, and the restorative environment they described was very similar to the environment they believed could foster creativity. This study's results provide evidence for the positive effects of the VR restorative environment experience on individuals and contributes to the cognitive exploration of the interaction between restorative environments and individuals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqidi Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyan Du
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huirui Ma
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Nubani L, De Biasi A, Ruemenapp MA, Tams LD, Boyle R. The impact of living in an un- or under-furnished house on individuals who transitioned from homelessness. J Community Psychol 2022; 50:3681-3699. [PMID: 35429415 PMCID: PMC9540402 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Very few empirical evaluations have been conducted on the impact of furniture on the lives of those who have transitioned from homelessness into permanent housing, especially within the United States. Our study contributes to this limited body of research by exploring the impact of furniture on the lives of 20 recently housed individuals residing in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. In partnership with the Furniture Bank of Southeast Michigan, we conducted semi-structured interviews with recently housed individuals that lived for a period of time in an un- or under-furnished house before receiving furniture support. Given the study's exploratory nature, interview questions were purposefully broad to allow themes to naturally emerge and were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis software package, NVivo (release 1.0). We present a conceptual model that outlines our findings and conclude with a discussion of the limitations of our approach, avenues for future research, and policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nubani
- School of Planning, Design and ConstructionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Alaina De Biasi
- School of Criminal JusticeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Criminology and Criminal JusticeWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Marie A. Ruemenapp
- School of Planning, Design and ConstructionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Lisa D. Tams
- Michigan State University ExtensionDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Robert Boyle
- Furniture Bank of Southeastern MichiganPontiacMichiganUSA
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12
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Bai X, Li X, Yan D. The Perceived Restorativeness of Outdoor Spatial Characteristics for High School Adolescents: A Case Study from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19127156. [PMID: 35742402 PMCID: PMC9222434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy schoolwork and overpopulated classrooms have made high schools overstressed environments. Previous investigations have identified a wide body of naturally restorative elements. However, evidence regarding the relationship between spatial typology and its perceived restorativeness (PR) for adolescents is limited. This paper explores the connection between spatial characteristics and PR by linking their restorative quality to how they are actually used. A high school with multiple types of outdoor spaces is used as a case study and typical spatial characteristics (area, distance, and openness) are quantified. A revised perceived restorativeness scale (RPRS) is exploited to assess the restorative quality of different spaces, and a self-reported questionnaire is used to map the actual usage. The obtained results reveal that: (1) the restorativeness of the selected spaces varied considerably, with a natural garden being more restorative than a built environment; (2) the area and openness were positively correlated to the PR, but the distance was negatively correlated; (3) the theoretical dimensions of “getting away” at high school are primarily psychological, not physical; (4) the actual use of outdoor spaces during breaks does not match the students’ favorite places or their PR. These findings expand our understanding of the role of spatial characteristics in PR in high schools and indicate direct links between campus design and restorative quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Bai
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.B.); (D.Y.)
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.B.); (D.Y.)
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ding Yan
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.B.); (D.Y.)
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Liu Q, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang G, An C, Liu Y, Fan X, Hu Y, Zhang H. The Relationship between the Restorative Perception of the Environment and the Physiological and Psychological Effects of Different Types of Forests on University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:12224. [PMID: 34831980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to a forest environment is beneficial to human physiological and psychological health. However, there is little known about the relationship between the restorative perception of environment and physiological and psychological restoration achieved by experiencing the forest environment. This study evaluated the relationship between the restorative perception of different types of forests and human physiological and psychological effects. A sample of 30 young adult students from Beijing Forestry University was exposed to coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests as well as an urban site. Restorative perception of the environment was measured using the PRS questionnaire. Restorative effects were measured using physiological indicators (blood pressure and heart rate) and three psychological questionnaires (Restorative Outcome Scale; Subjective Vitality Scale; Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale). The results demonstrated the following: (1) There were significant differences in the perceived restorative power of the three types of forests, with the highest level in the mixed forest, followed by the coniferous forest and the deciduous forest. (2) All types of forests were beneficial to physiological and psychological restoration. The mixed forest had the greatest effect in lowering blood pressure and heart rate as well as increasing vitality, while the coniferous forest had the strongest increases in psychological restoration and positive mental health. (3) The level of perceived restorative power of environment was positively related to the physiological and psychological restoration. These findings provide practical evidence for forest therapy that can maximize the restorative potential of forests.
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Li H, Dong W, Wang Z, Chen N, Wu J, Wang G, Jiang T. Effect of a Virtual Reality-Based Restorative Environment on the Emotional and Cognitive Recovery of Individuals with Mild-to-Moderate Anxiety and Depression. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18179053. [PMID: 34501643 PMCID: PMC8430968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, restorative environment theory and virtual reality (VR) technology were combined to build different 3D dynamic VR interactive scenes. We discuss the effects of a VR restorative environment on the emotional and cognitive recovery of individuals with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression. First, we built a VR restorative garden scene, divided into four areas: forest, lawn, horticultural planting, and water features. The scene was verified to have a good recovery effect in 26 participants. Then, 195 participants with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression were selected as experimental subjects. Through psychological testing and EMG (Electromyography) and EEG (Electroencephalography) data feedback, we further explored the differences in the sense of presence in VR restorative scenes and their effect on individual emotional and cognitive recovery. The results showed that (1) both the restorative environment images and the VR scenes had a healing effect (the reduction in negative emotions and the recovery of positive emotions and cognition), with no difference in the subjective feeling of recovery among the different scenes, but the recovery score of the VR urban environment was higher than that of the natural environment (differing from the results in real environments); (2) a high sense of presence can be experienced in different VR scenes, and interactive activities in VR scenes can provide a great presence experience; (3) the recovery effects of VR restorative environment on emotion and self-efficacy are realized through the presence of VR scenes; (4) a VR restorative environment is helpful for the emotional improvement and cognitive recovery of individuals with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression. VR urban scenes also have good recovery effects. In terms of cognitive recovery, self-efficacy improved significantly. In addition, from the perspective of EEG indicators, the VR restorative scene experience activated the prefrontal lobe, which is conducive to cognitive recovery in individuals with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression. In terms of emotional improvement, negative emotions were significantly reduced in the different VR scene groups. In conclusion, we further explored ways to help individuals with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression, in order to promote the development and application of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqidi Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (W.D.); (N.C.); (G.W.)
| | - Wenyi Dong
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (W.D.); (N.C.); (G.W.)
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (Z.W.); (T.J.)
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (W.D.); (N.C.); (G.W.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (W.D.); (N.C.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-1011-6535
| | - Guangxin Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (W.D.); (N.C.); (G.W.)
| | - Ting Jiang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (Z.W.); (T.J.)
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15
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Kimura T, Yamada T, Hirokawa Y, Shinohara K. Brief and Indirect Exposure to Natural Environment Restores the Directed Attention for the Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619347. [PMID: 34305699 PMCID: PMC8292744 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mental fatigue elicited by working and studying consumed mental resources, thereby eliciting a declined performance and an increased mental stress. The long-term continuous work and study, which is typical for modern workers and students, can increase mental fatigue and health risks. Previous studies reported that the natural environment (i.e., forest and waterside) has a restorative of mental resources (i.e., attention) and reducing stress. However, it is difficult for urban workers and students to take sufficient breaks in real natural environment. We conducted an experiment to examine whether brief and indirect exposure to the natural environment elicits a restorative of attention and reducing stress. Twenty-five undergraduate and graduate students from the university of modern city participated in the experiment. The experiment involved measuring the changes in the task performance of the participants (i.e., sustained attention to response task) and the subjective mental workload (i.e., arousal, valence, and NASA-TLX), while the attention restoration was indexed from physiological response (i.e., skin conductance level, SCL) over time. The participants had two types of resting periods in the middle of the task, i.e., by looking at a blank display (simple break) or by watching a nature video having scenes of, e.g., a forest, small waterfall, and rustling leaves (nature break). The results indicate that the natural environment indirectly depicted through the nature videos does not affect the task performance and the subjective mental workload but decreases the SCL. The results of the physiological response suggest that having rest periods depicting the natural environment, even if indirectly and briefly, can restore the directed attention (i.e., mental resources) for the task. This experiment revealed a useful method of resting for urban workers and students to restore their attention to a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kimura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohko Hirokawa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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16
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Li K, Zhai Y, Dou L, Liu J. A Preliminary Exploration of Landscape Preferences Based on Naturalness and Visual Openness for College Students With Different Moods. Front Psychol 2021; 12:629650. [PMID: 34149516 PMCID: PMC8209242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between man and nature causes people to have different preferences for their surrounding environment, and pleasant landscapes can bring both physical and mental benefits to people. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between moods and landscape preferences, and this study sought to explore the landscape preferences of college students under different moods. A total of 1,034 students participated in the survey, recovering 1,022 valid questionnaires. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale was used to evaluate the mental status of each respondent. The study on landscape characteristics proceeded in two steps (comprising four gradients): landscape naturalness and landscape visual openness. The research results show that under natural landscape conditions, college students in a fatigued state have a greater preference for the second-gradient (higher naturalness) landscape environment; under the conditions of landscape visual openness, college students in an indignant state have a greater preference for the second-gradient (relatively private) landscapes. These findings have significance for exploring the rehabilitation function of landscape architecture and have a guiding role for future landscape design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yang Zhai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Long Dou
- Psychological Counseling Center, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
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17
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Kristjánsdóttir HL, Sigurðardóttir S, Pálsdóttir AM. The Restorative Potential of Icelandic Nature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9095. [PMID: 33291500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if proposed restorative attributes according to attention restoration theory and supportive environment theory could be experienced and identified in Icelandic landscape and contribute to a restorative experience in nature sites in rural Iceland. A prospective mixed-method study was conducted over the period of one year. Seven different nature sites that were considered likely to have restorative qualities were selected for the evaluation i.e., three forest sites, three seashores, and one park in and in the vicinity of Ísafjörður, Iceland. Each site was evaluated regarding how the participants experienced its restorative qualities and how a stay therein affected their mental state. Nature visits were offered once a week, where the participants visited one of the seven locations for two hours. The findings show that the participants perceived and experienced nature sites as having the characteristics of a restorative environment and that staying at the nature sites positively affected their mental state. External conditions, like weather, which can affect nature visits, were rarely a hinderance. Thus, it can be concluded that numerous coastal areas, forests, and parks in Iceland, especially in rural areas, might possess restorative qualities as well. This result shows that wild and open nature in North West Iceland has the characteristics of a restorative environment and can be utilized for health promotion.
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Lu M, Fu J. Attention Restoration Space on a University Campus: Exploring Restorative Campus Design Based on Environmental Preferences of Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16142629. [PMID: 31340584 PMCID: PMC6678788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Students studying for a long time frequently suffer from attentional fatigue; however, campuses lack specific spaces in which to restore attention. This study aimed to explore the significant perceptual factors related to student selection of landscape types that they perceive as most relaxing on a university campus. To understand the design factors of an attention restoration space, this study examined the preference of students regarding restorative environments on university campuses at six universities in northeastern China using a questionnaire survey (n = 360). Place-mapping revealed the spatial characteristics of the preferences of students for relaxing in the available space. The primary perceptual factors were obtained using correlation analysis and keyword frequency. A relationship model of landscape types and perceptual factors was established using categorical regression (CATREG). Results showed that waterfront spaces have the optimal perceived attention restoration effect, followed by vegetation spaces, courtyard spaces and square spaces. Visibility, accessibility, comfort, recognition and sense of belonging are significant perceptual factors that should be first considered. Moreover, the optimal selection of design factors depends on the interaction of landscape types and perceptual factors. The design implications may assist designers to gain a new perspective on student requirements for a healthy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, School of Architecture, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jingwan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, School of Architecture, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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19
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Van den Berg AE. From Green Space to Green Prescriptions: Challenges and Opportunities for Research and Practice. Front Psychol 2017; 8:268. [PMID: 28289398 PMCID: PMC5326776 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Van den Berg
- Department of Cultural Geography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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20
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Calogiuri G, Evensen K, Weydahl A, Andersson K, Patil G, Ihlebæk C, Raanaas RK. Green exercise as a workplace intervention to reduce job stress. Results from a pilot study. Work 2017; 53:99-111. [PMID: 26684708 DOI: 10.3233/wor-152219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress and mental fatigue are major health threats to employees in office-based occupations. Physical activity is widely used as a stress-management intervention for employees. Moreover, experiences in contact with nature have been shown to provide stress-reduction and restoration from mental fatigue. OBJECTIVES In a pilot study designed as a randomized controlled trial we investigated the impact of a green-exercise intervention on psychological and physiological indicators of stress in municipality employees. METHODS Fourteen employees (7 females and 7 males, 49±8 yrs) volunteered in an exercise-based intervention in workplace either outdoors in a green/nature area or in an indoor exercise-setting. The intervention consisted of an information meeting and two exercise sessions, each including a biking bout and a circuit-strength sequence using elastic rubber bands (45-minutes, at about 55% of HR reserve, overall). Main outcomes were perceived environmental potential for restoration, affective state, blood pressure (BP) and cortisol awakening response (CAR AUC(G) and CAR AUC(I)) and cortisol levels in serum. Measurements were taken at baseline and in concomitance with the exercise sessions. Furthermore, affective state and self-reported physical activity levels were measured over a 10-weeks follow-up period. RESULTS Compared with the indoor group, the nature group reported higher environmental potential for restoration (p < 0.001) and Positive Affect (p < 0.01), along with improved CAR AUC(I) (p = 0.04) and, marginally, diastolic BP (p = 0.05). The nature group also reported higher ratings of Positive Affect at follow-up (p = 0.02). Differences at post-exercise were not found for any of the other components of affective state, systolic BP, CAR AUC(G) and cortisol levels measured in serum. CONCLUSIONS Green-exercise at the workplace could be a profitable way to manage stress and induce restoration among employees. Further studies on larger samples are needed in order to improve the generalizability of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calogiuri
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway.,Faculty of Public Health, Department of Dental Care and Public Health, Hedmark University College (HH), Elverum, Norway
| | - Katinka Evensen
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Andi Weydahl
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Alta, Norway
| | - Kim Andersson
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Grete Patil
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Camilla Ihlebæk
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Ruth K Raanaas
- Section for Public Health Science, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
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21
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Calogiuri G. Natural Environments and Childhood Experiences Promoting Physical Activity, Examining the Mediational Effects of Feelings about Nature and Social Networks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:439. [PMID: 27110802 PMCID: PMC4847101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of natural environments (NEs) for physical activity (PA) has been studied extensively. However, there is scant evidence to explain the motivational processes underlying the NE-PA relation. The aim of this study was to investigate the NE-PA relation using an ecological framework, focusing on perception of NEs, childhood experiences and possible intra- and inter-individual mediators. Data were retrieved from a cross-sectional survey among 2168 adults from all over Norway. In addition, the coverage of NEs by municipalities was retrieved from national registers. Logistic regression showed that, unlike the self-reported proximity to NEs, higher ratings of perceived supportiveness of NEs for PA predicted participation in NE-based PA for at least 60 min/week or 150 min/week, before and after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. Reporting frequent experiences in nature during childhood was also an important predictor of higher levels of NE-based PA. Furthermore, a mediational analysis showed that the effect of both predictors was mediated by "feelings about nature" and "social networks". These findings indicate that to encourage the use of local NE for PA, not only should environmental perceptions be taken into account, positive feelings towards nature alongside opportunities to share activity in nature with others should also be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calogiuri
- Department of Dental Care and Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hedmark University College, Hamarveien 112, 2411 Elverum, Norway.
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