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Griffin JHC, Toledo-Ortiz G. Plant photoreceptors and their signalling components in chloroplastic anterograde and retrograde communication. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:7126-7138. [PMID: 35640572 PMCID: PMC9675593 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The red phytochrome and blue cryptochrome plant photoreceptors play essential roles in promoting genome-wide changes in nuclear and chloroplastic gene expression for photomorphogenesis, plastid development, and greening. While their importance in anterograde signalling has been long recognized, the molecular mechanisms involved remain under active investigation. More recently, the intertwining of the light signalling cascades with the retrograde signals for the optimization of chloroplast functions has been acknowledged. Advances in the field support the participation of phytochromes, cryptochromes, and key light-modulated transcription factors, including HY5 and the PIFs, in the regulation of chloroplastic biochemical pathways that produce retrograde signals, including the tetrapyrroles and the chloroplastic MEP-isoprenoids. Interestingly, in a feedback loop, the photoreceptors and their signalling components are targets themselves of these retrograde signals, aimed at optimizing photomorphogenesis to the status of the chloroplasts, with GUN proteins functioning at the convergence points. High light and shade are also conditions where the photoreceptors tune growth responses to chloroplast functions. Interestingly, photoreceptors and retrograde signals also converge in the modulation of dual-localized proteins (chloroplastic/nuclear) including WHIRLY and HEMERA/pTAC12, whose functions are required for the optimization of photosynthetic activities in changing environments and are proposed to act themselves as retrograde signals.
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Sierra J, McQuinn RP, Leon P. The role of carotenoids as a source of retrograde signals: impact on plant development and stress responses. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:7139-7154. [PMID: 35776102 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Communication from plastids to the nucleus via retrograde signal cascades is essential to modulate nuclear gene expression, impacting plant development and environmental responses. Recently, a new class of plastid retrograde signals has emerged, consisting of acyclic and cyclic carotenoids and/or their degradation products, apocarotenoids. Although the biochemical identity of many of the apocarotenoid signals is still under current investigation, the examples described herein demonstrate the central roles that these carotenoid-derived signals play in ensuring plant development and survival. We present recent advances in the discovery of apocarotenoid signals and their role in various plant developmental transitions and environmental stress responses. Moreover, we highlight the emerging data exposing the highly complex signal transduction pathways underlying plastid to nucleus apocarotenoid retrograde signaling cascades. Altogether, this review summarizes the central role of the carotenoid pathway as a major source of retrograde signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, Ciudada de México, México
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, Ciudada de México, México
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Jiang J, Dehesh K. Plastidial retrograde modulation of light and hormonal signaling: an odyssey. New Phytol 2021; 230:931-937. [PMID: 33452833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition from an engulfed autonomous unicellular photosynthetic bacterium to a semiautonomous endosymbiont plastid was accompanied by the transfer of genetic material from the endosymbiont to the nuclear genome of the host, followed by the establishment of plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signaling. The retrograde coordinated activities of the two subcellular genomes ensure chloroplast biogenesis and function as the photosynthetic hub and sensing and signaling center that tailors growth-regulating and adaptive processes. This review specifically focuses on the current knowledge of selected stress-induced retrograde signals, genomes uncoupled 1 (GUN1), methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), apocarotenoid and β-cyclocitral, and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP), which evolved to establish the photoautotrophic lifestyle and are instrumental in the integration of light and hormonal signaling networks to ultimately fashion adaptive responses in an ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Tognacca RS, Kubaczka MG, Servi L, Rodríguez FS, Godoy Herz MA, Petrillo E. Light in the transcription landscape: chromatin, RNA polymerase II and splicing throughout Arabidopsis thaliana's life cycle. Transcription 2020; 11:117-133. [PMID: 32748694 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2020.1796473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a high level of developmental plasticity that allows them to respond and adapt to changes in the environment. Among the environmental cues, light controls almost every aspect of A. thaliana's life cycle, including seed maturation, seed germination, seedling de-etiolation and flowering time. Light signals induce massive reprogramming of gene expression, producing changes in RNA polymerase II transcription, alternative splicing, and chromatin state. Since splicing reactions occur mainly while transcription takes place, the regulation of RNAPII transcription has repercussions in the splicing outcomes. This cotranscriptional nature allows a functional coupling between transcription and splicing, in which properties of the splicing reactions are affected by the transcriptional process. Chromatin landscapes influence both transcription and splicing. In this review, we highlight, summarize and discuss recent progress in the field to gain a comprehensive insight on the cross-regulation between chromatin state, RNAPII transcription and splicing decisions in plants, with a special focus on light-triggered responses. We also introduce several examples of transcription and splicing factors that could be acting as coupling factors in plants. Unravelling how these connected regulatory networks operate, can help in the design of better crops with higher productivity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío S Tognacca
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Guillermina Kubaczka
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Servi
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia S Rodríguez
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela A Godoy Herz
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hu S, Ding Y, Zhu C. Sensitivity and Responses of Chloroplasts to Heat Stress in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32300353 PMCID: PMC7142257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperatures caused by global warming threaten agricultural production, as warmer conditions can inhibit plant growth and development or even destroy crops in extreme circumstances. Extensive research over the past several decades has revealed that chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelles of plants, are highly sensitive to heat stress, which affects a variety of photosynthetic processes including chlorophyll biosynthesis, photochemical reactions, electron transport, and CO2 assimilation. Important mechanisms by which plant cells respond to heat stress to protect these photosynthetic organelles have been identified and analyzed. More recent studies have made it clear that chloroplasts play an important role in inducing the expression of nuclear heat-response genes during the heat stress response. In this review, we summarize these important advances in plant-based research and discuss how the sensitivity, responses, and signaling roles of chloroplasts contribute to plant heat sensitivity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bechtold
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Benjamin Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BVME, Marseille, France
- Correspondence: or
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Benn G, Bjornson M, Ke H, De Souza A, Balmond EI, Shaw JT, Dehesh K. Plastidial metabolite MEcPP induces a transcriptionally centered stress-response hub via the transcription factor CAMTA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8855-60. [PMID: 27432993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602582113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The general stress response (GSR) is an evolutionarily conserved rapid and transient transcriptional reprograming of genes central for transducing environmental signals into cellular responses, leading to metabolic and physiological readjustments to cope with prevailing conditions. Defining the regulatory components of the GSR will provide crucial insight into the design principles of early stress-response modules and their role in orchestrating master regulators of adaptive responses. Overaccumulation of methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a bifunctional chemical entity serving as both a precursor of isoprenoids produced by the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and a stress-specific retrograde signal, in ceh1 (constitutively expressing hydroperoxide lyase1)-mutant plants leads to large-scale transcriptional alterations. Bioinformatic analyses of microarray data in ceh1 plants established the overrepresentation of a stress-responsive cis element and key GSR marker, the rapid stress response element (RSRE), in the promoters of robustly induced genes. ceh1 plants carrying an established 4×RSRE:Luciferase reporter for monitoring the GSR support constitutive activation of the response in this mutant background. Genetics and pharmacological approaches confirmed the specificity of MEcPP in RSRE induction via the transcription factor CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR 3 (CAMTA3), in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, CAMTA3-dependent activation of IRE1a (inositol-requiring protein-1) and bZIP60 (basic leucine zipper 60), two RSRE containing unfolded protein-response genes, bridges MEcPP-mediated GSR induction to the potentiation of protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings introduce the notion of transcriptional regulation by a key plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite that induces nuclear GSR, thereby offering a window into the role of interorgannellar communication in shaping cellular adaptive responses.
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Krause K, Oetke S, Krupinska K. Dual targeting and retrograde translocation: regulators of plant nuclear gene expression can be sequestered by plastids. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11085-11101. [PMID: 23109840 PMCID: PMC3472732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the developmental or metabolic state of plastids can trigger profound changes in the transcript profiles of nuclear genes. Many nuclear transcription factors were shown to be controlled by signals generated in the organelles. In addition to the many different compounds for which an involvement in retrograde signaling is discussed, accumulating evidence suggests a role for proteins in plastid-to-nucleus communication. These proteins might be sequestered in the plastids before they act as transcriptional regulators in the nucleus. Indeed, several proteins exhibiting a dual localization in the plastids and the nucleus are promising candidates for such a direct signal transduction involving regulatory protein storage in the plastids. Among such proteins, the nuclear transcription factor WHIRLY1 stands out as being the only protein for which an export from plastids and translocation to the nucleus has been experimentally demonstrated. Other proteins, however, strongly support the notion that this pathway might be more common than currently believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Svenja Oetke
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-4240; Fax: +49-431-880-4238
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Fernandes KJ, Kobayashi NR, Jasmin BJ, Tetzlaff W. Acetylcholinesterase gene expression in axotomized rat facial motoneurons is differentially regulated by neurotrophins: correlation with trkB and trkC mRNA levels and isoforms. J Neurosci 1998; 18:9936-47. [PMID: 9822749 PMCID: PMC6793312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential influences of muscle-derived neurotrophins on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression of adult rat motoneurons. Seven days after facial nerve transection, both AChE mRNA and enzyme activity levels were markedly reduced in untreated and vehicle-treated facial motoneurons, suggesting positive regulation of motoneuron AChE expression by muscle-derived factors. Because skeletal muscle is a source of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, and BDNF, these neurotrophins were individually infused onto the proximal nerve stump for 7 d, beginning at the time of axotomy. The trkB ligands NT-4/5 and BDNF prevented the downregulation of AChE mRNA and enzymatic activity, as determined by in situ hybridization, biochemical assay, and histochemical visualization of enzyme activity. In contrast, NT-3 had limited effects, and NGF was without effect. Because motoneurons normally express both trkB and trkC receptors and the trkC ligand NT-3 is the most abundant muscle-derived neurotrophin, we investigated possible reasons for the limited effects of NT-3. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR both revealed a downregulation of trkC mRNA in axotomized motoneurons, which contrasted the upregulation of trkB expression. Furthermore, isoforms of trkC were detected carrying insertions within their kinase domains, known to limit certain trkC-mediated signal transduction pathways. Because the changes in trkB and trkC mRNA levels were not significantly altered by neurotrophin infusions, it is unlikely they were induced by loss of muscle-derived neurotrophins. These results demonstrate that NT-4/5 and BDNF stimulate AChE gene expression in motoneurons and support the concept that muscle-derived trkB ligands modulate the cholinergic phenotype of their innervating motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernandes
- CORD (Collaboration on Repair Discoveries), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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