[Advances in salivary exosomal miRNAs in head and neck squamous carcinoma]

Salivary exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter that exist in saliva and play an important role in substance exchange and signal transduction between cells, delivering the lipids, proteins and nucleic acids they carry to the recipient cells and regulating the physiological and pathological processes of the recipient cells. miRNA, as an important "cargo" in exosomes, is transported to the recipient cells and regulates the signaling pathways of the recipient cells, thus playing a regulatory role in disease progression. The miRNAs are transported to the recipient cells and regulate the signaling pathways of the recipient cells, thus playing a regulatory role in the progression of diseases. With the development of technological tools this year, numerous studies have revealed the important role of salivary exosomal miRNAs in the development of head and neck squamous carcinoma and the role of salivary exosomal miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous carcinoma. This paper reviews the occurrence, treatment and prognosis of salivary exosomal miRNA in head and neck squamous carcinoma, and discusses the potential prospects and importance of salivary exosomal miRNA as a biomarker in the diagnosis of head and neck squamous carcinoma.

Salivary Exosomal MicroRNA-486-5p and MicroRNA-10b-5p in Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background and Objectives: The research aimed at evaluating the capacity of salivary exosomal miR-10b-5p and miR-486-5p for oral and oropharyngeal cancer detection. Materials and Methods: The saliva samples were harvested from histopathological diagnosed oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and healthy volunteer subjects. The exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and quantified by Nano Track Analysis. The microRNAs were extracted and quantified from salivary exosomes by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: This research comprised fifty participants. When compared to healthy controls, salivary exosomal miR-486-5p was elevated and miR-10b-5p was reduced in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, miR-486-5p had a high expression level in stage II of cancer in comparison to the other cancer stages. The cancer samples presented an increased exosome dimension compared to the control samples. Conclusions: Salivary exosomal miR-10b-5p and miR-486-5p have an altered expression in oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Saliva Diagnostics

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death, and early detection of this disease is crucial for increasing survival rates. Although cancer can be diagnosed following tissue biopsy, the biopsy procedure is invasive; liquid biopsy provides an alternative that is more comfortable for the patient. While blood, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid can all be used as a source of liquid biopsy, saliva is an ideal source of body fluid that is readily available and easily collected in the most noninvasive manner. Characterization of salivary constituents in the disease setting provides critical data for understanding pathophysiology and the evaluation of diagnostic potential. The aim of saliva diagnostics is therefore to develop a rapid and noninvasive detection of oral and systemic diseases that could be used together with compact analysis systems in the clinic to facilitate point-of-care diagnostics.

The Evolving Landscape of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Exosomes Characteristics and a Promising Role in Early Diagnosis

Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) remains to be one of the biggest burdens on healthcare systems and serves as a leading cause of disability and death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most common of such disorders, followed by Parkinson's disease (PD). The basic molecular details of disease initiation and pathology are still under research. Only recently, the role of exosomes has been linked to the initiation and progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes are small bilipid layer enclosed extracellular vesicles, which were once considered as a cellular waste and functionless. These nano-vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter carry specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and high amounts of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs). As the exosomes content is known to vary as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection. Here we review exosomes, their biogenesis, composition, and role in neurodegenerative diseases. We have also provided details for their characterization through an array of available techniques. Their updated role in neurodegenerative disease pathology is also discussed. Finally, we have shed light on a novel field of salivary exosomes as a potential candidate for early diagnosis in neurodegenerative diseases and compared the biomarkers of salivary exosomes with other blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based exosomes within these neurological ailments.