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Beglau THY, Fetzer MNA, Boldog I, Heinen T, Suta M, Janiak C, Yücesan G. Exceptionally Stable And Super-Efficient Electrocatalysts Derived From Semiconducting Metal Phosphonate Frameworks. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302765. [PMID: 37713258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Two new isostructural semiconducting metal-phosphonate frameworks are reported. Co2 [1,4-NDPA] and Zn2 [1,4-NDPA] (1,4-NDPA4- is 1,4-naphthalenediphosphonate) have optical bandgaps of 1.7 eV and 2.5 eV, respectively. The electrocatalyst derived from Co2 [1,4-NPDA] as a precatalyst generated a low overpotential of 374 mV in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a Tafel slope of 43 mV dec-1 at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline electrolyte (1 mol L-1 KOH), which is indicative of remarkably superior reaction kinetics. Benchmarking of the OER of Co2 [1,4-NPDA] material as a precatalyst coupled with nickel foam (NF) showed exceptional long-term stability at a current density of 50 mA cm-2 for water splitting compared to the state-of-the-art Pt/C/RuO2 @NF after 30 h in 1 mol L-1 KOH. In order to further understand the OER mechanism, the transformation of Co2 [1,4-NPDA] into its electrocatalytically active species was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hai Yen Beglau
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcus N A Fetzer
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Istvan Boldog
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Heinen
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Suta
- Inorganic Photoactive Materials, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gündoğ Yücesan
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Tripon-Canseliet C, Chazelas J. Millimeter-Wave Permittivity Variations of an HR Silicon Substrate from the Photoconductive Effect. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1782. [PMID: 36296135 PMCID: PMC9607626 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced microwave complex permittivity of a highly resistive single-crystal silicon wafer was extracted from a bistatic free-space characterization test bench operating in the 26.5-40 GHz frequency band under CW optical illumination at wavelengths of 806 and 971 nm. Significant variations in the real and imaginary parts of the substrate's permittivity induced by direct photoconductivity are reported, with an optical power density dependence, in agreement with the theoretical predictions. These experimental results open the route to ultrafast system reconfiguration of microwave devices in integrated technology by an external EMI-protected and contactless control with unprecedented performance.
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3
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Almohammed S, Fularz A, Kanoun MB, Goumri-Said S, Aljaafari A, Rodriguez BJ, Rice JH. Structural Transition-Induced Raman Enhancement in Bioinspired Diphenylalanine Peptide Nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12504-12514. [PMID: 35254049 PMCID: PMC8931724 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting materials are increasingly proposed as alternatives to noble metal nanomaterials to enhance Raman scattering. We demonstrate that bioinspired semiconducting diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes annealed through a reported structural transition can support Raman detection of 10-7 M concentrations for a range of molecules including mononucleotides. The enhancement is attributed to the introduction of electronic states below the conduction band that facilitate charge transfer to the analyte molecule. These results show that organic semiconductor-based materials can serve as platforms for enhanced Raman scattering for chemical sensing. As the sensor is metal-free, the enhancement is achieved without the introduction of electromagnetic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Almohammed
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College,
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Agata Fularz
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Benali Kanoun
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal
University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souraya Goumri-Said
- Physics
Department, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljaafari
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal
University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College,
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - James H. Rice
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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4
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Buizza LRV, Herz LM. Polarons and Charge Localization in Metal-Halide Semiconductors for Photovoltaic and Light-Emitting Devices. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007057. [PMID: 33955594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-halide semiconductors have shown excellent performance in optoelectronic applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and detectors. In this review the role of charge-lattice interactions and polaron formation in a wide range of these promising materials, including perovskites, double perovskites, Ruddlesden-Popper layered perovskites, nanocrystals, vacancy-ordered, and other novel structures, is summarized. The formation of Fröhlich-type "large" polarons in archetypal bulk metal-halide ABX3 perovskites and its dependence on A-cation, B-metal, and X-halide composition, which is now relatively well understood, are discussed. It is found that, for nanostructured and novel metal-halide materials, a larger variation in the strengths of polaronic effects is reported across the literature, potentially deriving from variations in potential barriers and the presence of interfaces at which lattice relaxation may be enhanced. Such findings are further discussed in the context of different experimental approaches used to explore polaronic effects, cautioning that firm conclusions are often hampered by the presence of alternate processes and interactions giving rise to similar experimental signatures. Overall, a complete understanding of polaronic effects will prove essential given their direct influence on optoelectronic properties such as charge-carrier mobilities and emission spectra, which are critical to the performance of energy and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R V Buizza
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Lichtenbergstraße 2 a, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
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5
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Guan J, Sun Z, Ansari R, Liu Y, Endo A, Unno M, Ouali A, Mahbub S, Furgal JC, Yodsin N, Jungsuttiwong S, Hashemi D, Kieffer J, Laine RM. Conjugated Copolymers That Shouldn't Be. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11115-11119. [PMID: 33631031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have explored using cage silsesquioxanes (SQs) as backbone elements in hybrid polymers motivated by their well-defined structures and physical and mechanical properties. As part of this general exploration, we report unexpected photophysical properties of copolymers derived from divinyl double decker (DD) SQs, [vinyl(Me)Si(O0.5 )2 ][PhSiO1.5 ]8 [(O0.5 )2 Si(Me)vinyl] (vinylDDvinyl). These copolymers exhibit strong emission red-shifts relative to model compounds, implying unconventional conjugation, despite vinyl(Me)Si(O-)2 siloxane bridges. In an effort to identify minimum SQ structures that do/do not offer extended conjugation, we explored Heck catalyzed co-polymerization of vinyl-ladder(LL)-vinyl compounds, vinyl(Me/Ph)Si(O0.5 )2 [PhSiO1.5 ]4 (O0.5 )2 Si(Me/Ph)vinyl, with Br-Ar-Br. Most surprising, the resulting oligomers show 30-60 nm emission red-shifts beyond those seen with vinylDDvinyl analogs despite lacking a true cage. Further evidence for unconventional conjugation includes apparent integer charge transfer (ICT) between LL-co-thiophene, bithiophene, and thienothiophene with 10 mol % F4 TCNQ, suggesting potential as p-type doped organic/inorganic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - Zejun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Ramin Ansari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Kiryu, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Aimi Endo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Kiryu, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masafumi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Gunma University, Kiryu, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Armelle Ouali
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34296, France
| | - Shahrea Mahbub
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Joseph C Furgal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Nuttapon Yodsin
- Center for Organic Electronic and Alternative Energy, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Jungsuttiwong
- Center for Organic Electronic and Alternative Energy, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Daniel Hashemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - John Kieffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - Richard M Laine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
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6
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Kuwabara J, Kanbara T. Step-Economical Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Materials Composed of Three Components: Donor, Acceptor, and π Units. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000493. [PMID: 33225550 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have immense potential for their use as semiconducting materials in organic optoelectronic devices. The improvement of synthetic methods for conjugated polymers is important for the practical application of conjugated polymers. For mass production, synthetic methods must be developed by considering the concerns regarding cost and environment. Reduction in the number of synthetic steps is an efficient approach to address these concerns. The utilization of direct CH functionalization is a reasonable strategy in monomer and polymer syntheses, because the prefunctionalization steps for CC bond formation can be eliminated. This review summarizes the recent developments in the efficient syntheses of conjugated polymers as well as their monomers via direct arylation (CH/CX coupling) and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CH/CH coupling) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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Yu JC, Badgujar S, Jung ED, Singh VK, Kim DW, Gierschner J, Lee E, Kim YS, Cho S, Kwon MS, Song MH. Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell Obtained via Treatment by Semiconducting Chemical Additive. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1805554. [PMID: 30549300 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The addition of chemical additives is considered as a promising approach for obtaining high-quality perovskite films under mild conditions, which is essential for both the efficiency and the stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Although such additive engineering yields high-quality films, the inherent insulating property of the chemical additives prevents the efficient transport and extraction of charge carriers, thereby limiting the applicability of this approach. Here, it is shown that organic conjugated molecules having rhodanine moieties (i.e., SA-1 and SA-2) can be used as semiconducting chemical additives that simultaneously yield large-sized perovskite grains and improve the charge extraction. Using this strategy, a high power conversion efficiency of 20.3% as well as significantly improved long-term stability under humid air conditions is achieved. It is believed that this approach can provide a new pathway to designing chemical additives for further improving the efficiency and stability of PeSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Choul Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Low Dimensional Carbon Center/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sachin Badgujar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Low Dimensional Carbon Center/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Varun Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Low Dimensional Carbon Center/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eunsong Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Sam Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Low Dimensional Carbon Center/Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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8
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Wei Q, Mukaida M, Kirihara K, Naitoh Y, Ishida T. Photoinduced Dedoping of Conducting Polymers: An Approach to Precise Control of the Carrier Concentration and Understanding Transport Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:2054-2060. [PMID: 26734776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the various applications of conjugated polymers requires systematic studies of their physical properties as a function of the doping density, which, consequently, calls for precise control of their doping density. In this study, we report a novel solid-state photoinduced charge-transfer reaction that dedopes highly conductive polyelectrolyte complexes such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate). Varying the UV-irradiation time of this material allows the carrier density inside the film to be precisely controlled over more than 3 orders of magnitude. We extract the carrier density, carrier mobility, and Seebeck coefficient at different doping levels to obtain a clear image of carrier-transport mechanisms. This approach not only leads to a better understanding of the physical properties of the conducting polymer but also is useful for developing applications requiring patterned, large-area conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuo Wei
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kirihara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Naitoh
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Department of Electronics and Manufacturing, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Takao Ishida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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9
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Olivier JH, Park J, Deria P, Rawson J, Bai Y, Kumbhar AS, Therien MJ. Unambiguous Diagnosis of Photoinduced Charge Carrier Signatures in a Stoichiometrically Controlled Semiconducting Polymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotube Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8133-8. [PMID: 26014277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based nanohybrid compositions based on (6,5) chirality-enriched SWNTs ([(6,5) SWNTs]) and a chiral n-type polymer (S-PBN(b)-Ph4 PDI) that exploits a perylenediimide (PDI)-containing repeat unit are reported; S-PBN(b)-Ph4 PDI-[(6,5) SWNT] superstructures feature a PDI electron acceptor unit positioned at 3 nm intervals along the nanotube surface, thus controlling rigorously SWNT-electron acceptor stoichiometry and organization. Potentiometric studies and redox-titration experiments determine driving forces for photoinduced charge separation (CS) and thermal charge recombination (CR) reactions, as well as spectroscopic signatures of SWNT hole polaron and PDI radical anion (PDI(-.) ) states. Time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopic studies demonstrate that S-PBN(b)-Ph4 PDI-[(6,5) SWNT] electronic excitation generates PDI(-.) via a photoinduced CS reaction (τCS ≈0.4 ps, ΦCS ≈0.97). These experiments highlight the concomitant rise and decay of transient absorption spectroscopic signatures characteristic of the SWNT hole polaron and PDI(-.) states. Multiwavelength global analysis of these data provide two charge-recombination time constants (τCR ≈31.8 and 250 ps) that likely reflect CR dynamics involving both an intimately associated SWNT hole polaron and PDI(-.) charge-separated state, and a related charge-separated state involving PDI(-.) and a hole polaron site produced via hole migration along the SWNT backbone that occurs over this timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 (USA)
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/
| | - Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/
| | - Amar S Kumbhar
- Chapel Hill Analytical & Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 243 Chapman Hall, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708 (USA) http://www.chem.duke.edu/∼mt83/.
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