A Rare Case of Severe Mitral Stenosis Presenting As Cardiogenic Shock

We report a case of severe mitral stenosis (MS) in a 58-year-old female from Guyana. Though rheumatic MS continues to be less prevalent in third-world countries, it poses a significant threat as far as morbidity and mortality are concerned. The modern definition of "Third World" is used to classify countries that are poor or developing. Countries that are part of the "third world" are generally characterized by (1) high rates of poverty, (2) economic and/or political instability, and (3) high mortality. The standard method of diagnosing MS in patients has been established as transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE), along with pertinent historical and physical exam findings. Specifically, with TTE, criteria include a mitral valve area ≤1.5 cm2, severe left atrial enlargement, and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure >50 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Once diagnosed with severe MS, treatment options for patients range from non-surgical percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty to surgical mitral valve commissurotomy. In our case, she was a 58-year-old female with a past medical history of seizures of unknown etiology, not on any home medication regimen, presenting to the emergency department with shortness of breath, malaise, weight loss, and bilateral lower leg edema. Vitals were significant for tachycardia at 153 bpm, tachypnea at 24 breaths per minute, and saturating at 96% on room air. On the physical exam, there was an irregularly irregular rhythm, bilateral crackles at the bases, right upper quadrant tenderness to palpation, bilateral pitting edema, and no calf tenderness. Lab findings were significant for elevated brain natriuretic peptide, but three electrocardiograms were performed in the emergency department, all confirming the new onset of atrial fibrillation. A CT angiogram of the chest was performed, which ruled out pulmonary embolus but additionally found marked reflux of contrast noted within the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins, along with right atrial dilation reflective of right heart strain; additionally, mitral valve calcifications were noted. The cardiologist on duty confirmed the diagnosis using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) followed by TTE; the patient was rapidly transferred to a hospital with appropriate services for surgical management within the same day of arrival at the emergency department. This case highlights the importance of bedside POCUS as an additional diagnostic tool for cardiologists, along with pertinent history, physical examination findings, and laboratory findings. Proper utilization of POCUS can allow for the immediate diagnosis of severe pathologies and prevent the delay of appropriate treatment, as seen in our case. Wider adoption of POCUS practices as a part of the general initial evaluation of patients has not yet been recommended by the American Heart Association but can offer clinical benefit in morbidity/mortality with expedited progression to appropriate treatment.

An unusual angiogram finding in a patient with rheumatic heart disease

A woman in her early fifties with a known case of severe rheumatic mitral stenosis presented to the out-patient department with increasing breathlessness.

Urgent Transcatheter Mitral Valve-in-Valve Replacement With Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Critical mitral valve stenosis due to a failed bioprosthetic valve is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with the transcatheter Valve-in-Valve (ViV) approach becoming a popular treatment option. We present a case of cardiogenic shock secondary to a stenotic mitral bio-prosthetic valve. The Heart team was consulted; the patient was a high-risk surgical candidate for valve replacement. He required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to definitive therapy. The patient underwent a successful urgent transcatheter mitral ViV procedure with a trans-septal approach. Follow-up echocardiography showed significant improvement in mitral valve dynamics. Recently emerging transcatheter approaches for mitral ViV implantation after balloon valvuloplasty into a failed mitral valve prosthesis are technically feasible in high-risk patient populations and should be considered over re-operative mitral valve surgery.

Immediate and long-term results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy: up to 15 years

PURPOSE

To evaluate immediate and long-term clinical results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) in patients with severe mitral stenosis.

METHODS

In a retrospective study, data were included from 317 patients over 18 years of age (mean age 45) who had been treated for mitral stenosis between January 1993 and March 2015 with PMC using the Inoue balloon technique. Immediate results: Valvular function improved as evidenced by an increase in mitral valve area from 1.01 ± 0.24 cm² to 2 ± 0.31 cm² (P < 0.001) and a decrease in mean mitral gradient from 13.64 ± 6.03 mm Hg to 5.40 ± 2.49 mm Hg. Long-term follow-up: At 5-15 years (mean 10.2 years, Inter-quartile range 8.25), 105 (33.1%) of the 317 patients were available for follow-up, 95 living patients and 10 deceased. Of the deceased, average time from PMC to death was 8 years. Results were strongly significant showing that age at the time of PMC and surface area before the procedure were the best predictors of survival at 15 years follow-up, showing significance values of P = 0.022 and P = 0.001, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

PMC using the Inoue balloon technique improves morbidity and long-term mortality rates in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Lower Wilkins score and NYHA class at baseline were not found to be significant predictors of mortality in older patients (age > 45). Overall, 65 (61.9%) had survived at 5-15 years follow-up without further cardiac intervention.