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Hanna R, Miron IC, Benedicenti S. Feasibility and Safety of Adopting a New Approach in Delivering a 450 nm Blue Laser with a Flattop Beam Profile in Vital Tooth Whitening. A Clinical Case Series with an 8-Month Follow-Up. J Clin Med 2024; 13:491. [PMID: 38256627 PMCID: PMC10816511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A prospective observational case series included six patients who presented with discoloured upper and lower teeth extending from the right second premolar to the left second premolar. The photoactivation dosimetry and treatment protocol were as follows: λ 450 nm, 1 W, CW; flattop beam profile; 1 cm2; 15 J/spot; 10 irradiated spots; an irradiation time of 15 s/spot; three whitening cycles in a single session. Blanc One ULTRA+ was the bleaching agent. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was utilised to evaluate the pain intensity and dental hypersensitivity during treatment immediately after complete treatment (T1), 24 h (T2), and 8 h (T3) postoperatively, and at an 8-month follow-up timepoint (T4), whereas the dental colour shade change was assessed using the VITA colour shade guide pre-treatment (T0), T1, and T4. The Gingival index and modified Wong Baker faces scale were utilised to evaluate gingival inflammation and patients' treatment satisfaction, respectively. Our findings revealed a reduction in the dental colour shade of the six cases between 2 and 10- fold (average of 3.5-fold) at T1 and maintained at T4, indicating significant improvement in the colour shade change with optimal outcomes. The percentage of this improvement for all the patients was ranged between 16.6% and 33.3%. At all timepoints, a "0" score was provided for pain intensity, dental hypersensitivity, and gingival inflammation. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of a λ 450 nm laser delivered with a flattop handpiece to achieve optimal whitening outcomes without adverse effects. This offers a useful guide for dental clinicians for vital in-office tooth whitening. Extensive clinical studies with large data are warranted to validate our study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.M.)
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
- Department of Oral Surgery, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ioana Cristina Miron
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.M.)
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.M.)
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Bai X, She M, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Xue W, Liu E, Wan K, Liu P, Zhang S, Li J. Photocatalytic Cascade Reaction Driven by Directed Charge Transfer over V S -Zn 0.5 Cd 0.5 S/GO for Controllable Benzyl Oxidation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2207250. [PMID: 37127899 PMCID: PMC10369240 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is an important technique for synthetic transformations. However, little attention has been paid to light-driven synergistic redox reactions for directed synthesis. Herein, the authors report tunable oxidation of benzyl to phenylcarbinol with the modest yield (47%) in 5 h via singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) over the photocatalyst Zn0.5 Cd0.5 S (ZCS)/graphene oxide (GO) under exceptionally mild conditions. Theoretical calculations indicate that the presence of S vacancies on the surface of ZCS/GO photocatalyst is crucial for the adsorption and activation of O2 , successively generating the superoxide radical (• O2 - ) and 1 O2 , attributing to the regulation of local electron density on the surface of ZCS/GO and photogenerated holes (h+ ). Meanwhile, accelerated transfer of photogenerated electrons (e- ) to GO caused by the π-π stacking effect is conducive to the subsequent aldehyde hydrogenation to benzyl alcohol rather than non-selective oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid. Anisotropic charge transport driven by the built-in electric field can further promote the separation of e- and h+ for multistep reactions. Promisingly, one-pot photocatalytic conversion of p-xylene to 4-methylbenzyl alcohol is beneficial for reducing the harmful effects of aromatics on human health. Furthermore, this study provides novel insights into the design of photocatalysts for cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Lab of Tissue Engineering, the College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yali Ji
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Enzhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Kerou Wan
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Kaili Catalyst & New Materials Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710201, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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