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Jung G, Kim S, Lee J, Yoo S. Deep learning-based pigment analysis model trained with optical approach and ground truth assistance. J Biophotonics 2023; 16:e202300231. [PMID: 37602740 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an integrated training method combining the optical approach with ground truth for skin pigment analysis. Deep learning is increasingly applied to skin pigment analysis, primarily melanin and hemoglobin. While regression analysis is a widely used training method to predict ground truth-like outputs, the input image resolution is restricted by computational resources. The optical approach-based regression method can alleviate this problem, but compromises performance. We propose a strategy to overcome the limitation of image resolution while preserving performance by incorporating ground truth within the optical approach-based learning structure. The proposed model decomposes skin images into melanin, hemoglobin, and shading maps, reconstructing them by solving the forward problem with reference to the ground truth for pigments. Evaluation against the VISIA system, a professional diagnostic equipment, yields correlation coefficients of 0.978 for melanin and 0.975 for hemoglobin. Furthermore, our model can produce pigment-modified images for applications like simulating treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunho Jung
- AI R&D Center, Lululab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Kim
- AI R&D Center, Lululab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongha Lee
- AI R&D Center, Lululab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Yoo
- AI R&D Center, Lululab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wu Q, Fung AHY, Xu ML, Poon K, Liu EYL, Kong XP, Yao P, Xiong QP, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor up-regulates acetylcholinesterase expression during melanogenesis of murine melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14417-14428. [PMID: 30076217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in neurons. However, AChE has been proposed to also have nonneuronal functions in different cell types. Here, we report that AChE is expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells, and that the tetrameric (G4) form is the major AChE isoform in these cells. During melanogenesis of B16F10 murine melanoma cells, AChE levels decreased markedly. The differentiation of melanoma cells led to (i) an increase in melanin and tyrosinase, (ii) a change in intracellular cAMP levels, and (iii) a decrease in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). We hypothesized that the regulation of AChE during melanogenesis is mediated by two transcription factors: cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and MITF. In melanoma cells, exogenous cAMP suppressed AChE expression and the promoter activity of the ACHE gene. This suppression was mediated by a cAMP-response element (CRE) located on the ACHE promoter, as mutation of CRE relieved the suppression. In melanoma, MITF overexpression induced ACHE transcription, and mutation of an E-box site in human ACHE promoter blocked this induction. An AChE inhibitor greatly enhanced acetylcholine-mediated responses of melanogenic gene expression levels in vitro; however, this enhancement was not observed in the presence of agonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. These results indicate that ACHE transcription is regulated by cAMP-dependent signaling during melanogenesis of B16F10 cells, and the effect of this enzyme on melanin production suggests that it has a potential role in skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Wu
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aster H Y Fung
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda L Xu
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaman Poon
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Etta Y L Liu
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang P Kong
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing P Xiong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- From the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China and .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Robinson JK, Penedo FJ, Hay JL, Jablonski NG. Recognizing Latinos' range of skin pigment and phototypes to enhance skin cancer prevention. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:488-492. [PMID: 28504868 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Latinos in the United States may have the mistaken assumption that their natural pigmentation protects them from developing skin cancer that, effectively, serves as a barrier to Latinos receiving education in primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer. Latino adults of Mexican or Puerto Rican heritage attending community health fairs in the greater Chicago area responded to a culturally informed and sensitive measure for sunburn and tan, which was previously adapted to capture skin irritation with tenderness from the sun occurring in darker skin types (n = 350). By self-reported responses and spectrophotometry assessment of constitutive pigmentation, adapted Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) ranged from skin type I-IV in the Mexican American participants and from II to V in the Puerto Rican participants. The objectively measured proportion of adapted FST II skin type was greater than commonly perceived and demonstrated that many Latinos do indeed have sun-sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Robinson
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank J Penedo
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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