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Weng HC, Monroy-Ruz J, Matthews JCF, Rarity JG, Balram KC, Smith JA. Heterogeneous Integration of Solid-State Quantum Systems with a Foundry Photonics Platform. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:3302-3309. [PMID: 37743942 PMCID: PMC10515700 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Diamond color centers are promising optically addressable solid-state spins that can be matter-qubits, mediate deterministic interaction between photons, and act as single photon emitters. Useful quantum computers will comprise millions of logical qubits. To become useful in constructing quantum computers, spin-photon interfaces must, therefore, become scalable and be compatible with mass-manufacturable photonics and electronics. Here, we demonstrate the heterogeneous integration of NV centers in nanodiamond with low-fluorescence silicon nitride photonics from a standard 180 nm CMOS foundry process. Nanodiamonds are positioned over predefined sites in a regular array on a waveguide in a single postprocessing step. Using an array of optical fibers, we excite NV centers selectively from an array of six integrated nanodiamond sites and collect the photoluminescence (PL) in each case into waveguide circuitry on-chip. We verify single photon emission by an on-chip Hanbury Brown and Twiss cross-correlation measurement, which is a key characterization experiment otherwise typically performed routinely with discrete optics. Our work opens up a simple and effective route to simultaneously address large arrays of individual optically active spins at scale, without requiring discrete bulk optical setups. This is enabled by the heterogeneous integration of NV center nanodiamonds with CMOS photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cheng Weng
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Jorge Monroy-Ruz
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. F. Matthews
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - John G. Rarity
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Krishna C. Balram
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
| | - Joe A. Smith
- Quantum
Engineering Technology
Laboratories, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United
Kingdom
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Babu R, López-Fernández I, Prasanthkumar S, Polavarapu L. All-Inorganic Lead-Free Doped-Metal Halides for Bright Solid-State Emission from Primary Colors to White Light. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:35206-35215. [PMID: 37459212 PMCID: PMC10375434 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal halides have been explored with the aid of strong photoluminescence for optical and optoelectronic applications. However, the preparation of lead (Pb)-free solid-state emitters with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and tunable emission remains exceptionally challenging. Herein, we report metal ion (Cu(I), Mn(II), and Sn(II))-doped Cs3ZnI5 single crystals that are primary color (violet, green, and orange/red) emitters with extremely high PLQYs. Whereas the Mn-doping leads to bright green emissions with 100% PLQY, the Cu- and Sn-doping give rise to blue and red emissions with PLQYs of 57 and 64%, respectively. Interestingly, higher Mn doping results in white light emissive crystals as a side product, which are found to be Mn-doped CsI single crystals. The bright white light emissive crystals can be synthesized in a pure form in large quantities and exhibit a high color rendering index (CRI) of 78 and CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.38), which are close to daylight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of white light emission from a complete inorganic system. Importantly, the single crystals of all colors exhibit high long-term stability as their PLQY remains unchanged even after 2 months of preparation, and are thermally stable up to 600 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramavath Babu
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Iago López-Fernández
- CINBIO, Materials Chemistry and Physics Group, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Seelam Prasanthkumar
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Polavarapu
- CINBIO, Materials Chemistry and Physics Group, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
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Prusti B, Tripathi S, Jain A, Chakravarty M. Concentration-Guided Visual Detection of Multiphase Aliphatic Biogenic Amines through Amine-Phenol Recognition Using a Dual-State Emitter. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:16492-16504. [PMID: 36944182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular amine-phenol interactions are largely recognized as unique models with diverse supramolecular interactions. However, fluorescence (FL) variations originating from such interactions are rare. Herein, FL changes are well realized from amine-phenol interactions to identify an important biomarker, biogenic amines (BAs). A simple, inexpensive, and thermally stable anthracenylphosphonate is linked with 2,2'-biphenol to design a functional dual-state emitter. Among the various amines tested, this emitter displays superior sensitivity with the lowest possible limit of detection as 5.8-9.7 ppb with aliphatic polyamines such as 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, and 1,6- diamines and spermidine in the solution phase. Fast, on-spot detection of the BA vapors was visually conducted through a notable high-contrast change from blue to yellow emission in the solid state. FT-IR, 1H/31P NMR, and mass spectroscopic studies identify the ground-state amine-phenol interactions. The failure in BA detection with the 2,2'-dimethoxy-biphenyl-linked analog verifies the role of amine-phenol interactions. Mechanistic studies determine amine-phenol interactions in the ground and excited states. The molecular structure and packing of the doubly twisted probe are documented with a substantial void space facilitating close contact of the BAs with the strong amine-phenol interactions desired for efficient detection. Finally, this probe governs the freshness of a piece of Catla catla fish and prawn. Further, a remarkable concentration-controlled diverse emission with a red shift difference of 141 nm is detected with 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) vapor (from 29 to 319 mg/L) for the first time. Thus, a cost-effective device is developed to detect 1,3-DAP at a precise concentration, visible through the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banchhanidhi Prusti
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Shivani Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Akshita Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Manab Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Mahl M, Shoyama K, Krause AM, Schmidt D, Würthner F. Base-Assisted Imidization: A Synthetic Method for the Introduction of Bulky Imide Substituents to Control Packing and Optical Properties of Naphthalene and Perylene Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13401-13405. [PMID: 32364327 PMCID: PMC7496529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the direct imidization of naphthalene and perylene dicarboxylic anhydrides/esters with bulky ortho,ortho‐diaryl‐ and ortho,ortho‐dialkynylaniline derivatives. This imidization method uses n‐butyllithium as a strong base to increase the reactivity of bulky amine derivatives, proceeds under mild reaction conditions, requires only stoichiometric amounts of reactants and gives straightforward access to new sterically crowded rylene dicarboximides. Mechanistic investigations suggest an isoimide as intermediary product, which was converted to the corresponding imide upon addition of an aqueous base. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal dimeric packing motifs for monoimides, while two‐side shielded bisimides crystallize in isolated molecules without close π–π‐interactions. Spectroscopic investigations disclose the influence of the bulky substituents on the optical properties in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Schmidt D, Stolte M, Süß J, Liess A, Stepanenko V, Würthner F. Protein-like Enwrapped Perylene Bisimide Chromophore as a Bright Microcrystalline Emitter Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13385-13389. [PMID: 31329325 PMCID: PMC6772080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Strongly emissive solid‐state materials are mandatory components for many emerging optoelectronic technologies, but fluorescence is often quenched in the solid state owing to strong intermolecular interactions. The design of new organic pigments, which retain their optical properties despite their high tendency to crystallize, could overcome such limitations. Herein, we show a new material with monomer‐like absorption and emission profiles as well as fluorescence quantum yields over 90 % in its crystalline solid state. The material was synthesized by attaching two bulky tris(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)phenoxy substituents at the perylene bisimide bay positions. These substituents direct a packing arrangement with full enwrapping of the chromophore and unidirectional chromophore alignment within the crystal lattice to afford optical properties that resemble those of their natural pigment counterparts, in which chromophores are rigidly embedded in protein environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Süß
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liess
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Wan NH, Shields BJ, Kim D, Mouradian S, Lienhard B, Walsh M, Bakhru H, Schröder T, Englund D. Efficient Extraction of Light from a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in a Diamond Parabolic Reflector. Nano Lett 2018; 18:2787-2793. [PMID: 29601205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum emitters in solids are being developed for a range of quantum technologies, including quantum networks, computing, and sensing. However, a remaining challenge is the poor photon collection due to the high refractive index of most host materials. Here we overcome this limitation by introducing monolithic parabolic reflectors as an efficient geometry for broadband photon extraction from quantum emitter and experimentally demonstrate this device for the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Simulations indicate a photon collection efficiency exceeding 75% across the visible spectrum and experimental devices, fabricated using a high-throughput gray scale lithography process, demonstrating a photon extraction efficiency of (41 ± 5)%. This device enables a raw experimental detection efficiency of (12 ± 1)% with fluorescence detection rates as high as (4.114 ± 0.003) × 106 counts per second (cps) from a single NV center. Enabled by our deterministic emitter localization and fabrication process, we find a high number of exceptional devices with an average count rate of (3.1 ± 0.9) × 106 cps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel H Wan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Brendan J Shields
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Donggyu Kim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sara Mouradian
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Benjamin Lienhard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Michael Walsh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hassaram Bakhru
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering , SUNY Polytechnic Institute , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Tim Schröder
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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