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Ruan W, Liu J, Zhang S, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Sour Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa): A Bibliometric Review of Its Bioactive Profile, Health Benefits and Trends in Food and Medicine Applications. Foods 2024; 13:636. [PMID: 38472749 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the comprehensive utilization of sour jujube and its beneficial properties to human health has attracted extensive attention. This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the bioactive profile of sour jujube and future trends in applications. The research advancements within this field from 2000 to 2023 were addressed using the Web of Science database and VOSviewer. Among the 322 results, the most frequent keywords of bioactivity are flavonoids, antioxidants, saponins, insomnia, polyphenols, terpenoids and anti-inflammatory; the most studied parts of sour jujube are seeds, fruits and leaves; the published articles with high citations mainly focus on identification, biological effects and different parts distribution of bioactive compounds. The bioactivity of various parts of sour jujube was reviewed considering their application potential. The seeds, rich in flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids, exhibit strong effects on central nervous system diseases and have been well-developed in pharmacology, healthcare products and functional foods. The pulp has antioxidant properties and is used to develop added-value foods (e.g., juice, vinegar, wine). The leaves can be used to make tea and flowers are good sources of honey; their extracts are rich sources of flavonoids and saponins, which show promising medicinal effects. The branches, roots and bark have healing properties in traditional folk medicine. Overall, this study provides a reference for future applications of sour jujube in food and medicine fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 598 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Shixiong Zhang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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Shao L, Qiao P, Wang J, Peng Y, Wang Y, Dong W, Li J. Comparative analysis of jujube and sour jujube gave insight into their difference in genetic diversity and suitable habitat. Front Genet 2024; 15:1322285. [PMID: 38380425 PMCID: PMC10878421 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1322285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. jujuba Mill.) and sour jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chow.) are economically, nutritionally, and ecologically significant members of the Rhamnaceae family. Despite their importance, insufficient research on their genetics and habitats has impeded effective conservation and utilization. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted plastome sequencing, integrated distribution data from China, and assessed genetic diversity and suitable habitat. The plastomes of both species exhibited high conservation and low genetic diversity. A new-found 23 bp species-specific Indel in the petL-petG enabled us to develop a rapid Indel-based identification marker for species discrimination. Phylogenetic analysis and dating illuminated their genetic relationship, showing speciation occurred 6.9 million years ago, in a period of dramatic global temperature fluctuations. Substantial variations in suitable climatic conditions were observed, with the mean temperature of the coldest quarter as the primary factor influencing distributions (-3.16°C-12.73°C for jujube and -5.79°C to 4.11°C for sour jujube, suitability exceeding 0.6). Consequently, distinct conservation strategies are warranted due to differences in suitable habitats, with jujube having a broader distribution and sour jujube concentrated in Northern China. In conclusion, disparate habitats and climatic factors necessitate tailored conservation approaches. Comparing genetic diversity and developing rapid species-specific primers will further enhance the sustainable utilization of these valuable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Shao
- School of Biology and Food Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
| | - Ping Qiao
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dexing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Peng
- School of Biology and Food Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpan Dong
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Biology and Food Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
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Xue X, Zhao A, Wang Y, Ren H, Su W, Li Y, Shi M, Liu L, Li D. Metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses for characterizing the alkaloid metabolism of Chinese jujube and sour jujube fruits. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1267758. [PMID: 37790781 PMCID: PMC10544937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Jujube is an important economic forest tree whose fruit is rich in alkaloids. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and sour jujube (Ziziphus spinosa Hu.) are the two most important species of the jujube genus. However, the mechanisms underlying the synthesis and metabolism of alkaloids in jujube fruits remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba 'Hupingzao' and Ziziphus spinosa 'Taigusuanzao' in different harvest stages were used as test materials, we first integrated widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses to elucidate the metabolism of alkaloids of jujube fruits. Results In the metabolomics analysis, 44 alkaloid metabolites were identified in 4 samples, 3 of which were unique to sour jujube fruit. The differential alkaloid metabolites (DAMs) were more accumulated in sour jujube than in Chinese jujube; further, they were more accumulated in the white ripening stage than in the red stage. DAMs were annotated to 12 metabolic pathways. Additionally, transcriptomics data revealed 259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in alkaloid synthesis and metabolism. By mapping the regulatory networks of DAMs and DEGs, we screened out important metabolites and 11 candidate genes. Discussion This study preliminarily elucidated the molecular mechanism of jujube alkaloid synthesis. The candidate genes regulated the synthesis of key alkaloid metabolites, but the specific regulation mechanism is unclear. Taken together, our results provide insights into the metabolic networks of alkaloid synthesis in Chinese jujube and sour jujube fruits at different harvest stages, thereby providing a theoretical reference for further research on the regulatory mechanism of jujube alkaloids and their development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dengke Li
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, China
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Pan F, Zhao X, Liu F, Luo Z, Chen S, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Liu M, Wang L. Triterpenoids in Jujube: A Review of Composition, Content Diversity, Pharmacological Effects, Synthetic Pathway, and Variation during Domestication. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1501. [PMID: 37050126 PMCID: PMC10096698 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and its wild ancestor, sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba C.Y. Cheng & M.J. Liu), is a Ziziphus genus in the Rhamnaceae family. ZJ and ZA are rich in a variety of active ingredients, with triterpenoids being a unique active ingredient, which are present in the fruit, leaves, branches, and roots. More than 120 triterpenoids have been identified in ZJ and ZA, and have various biological activities. For example, betulinic and ursolic acids have anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities. ceanothic, alphitolic, and zizyberanalic acids possess anti-inflammatory activities. The MVA pathway is a synthetic pathway for triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, and 23 genes of the MVA pathway are known to regulate triterpene synthesis in ZJ and ZA. In order to better understand the basic situation of triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, this paper reviews the types, content dynamic changes, activities, pharmacokinetics, triterpenoid synthesis pathways, and the effects of domestication on triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA, and provides some ideas for the future research of triterpenoids in ZJ and ZA. In addition, there are many types of ZJ and ZA triterpenoids, and most of the studies on their activities are on lupane- and ursane-type triterpenes, while the activities of the ceanothane-type and saponin are less studied and need additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxu Pan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Fawei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuangjiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Li M, Hou L, Zhang C, Yang W, Liu X, Zhao H, Pang X, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Direct Targets of ZjVND7 Reveals the Putative Roles of Whole-Genome Duplication in Sour Jujube in Regulating Xylem Vessel Differentiation and Drought Tolerance. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:829765. [PMID: 35185994 PMCID: PMC8854171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of whole-genome duplication span multiple levels. Previous study reported that the autotetraploid sour jujube exhibited superior drought tolerance than diploid. However, the difference in water transport system between diploids and autotetraploids and its mechanism remain unclear. Here, we found the number of xylem vessels and parenchyma cells in autotetraploid sour jujube increased to nearly twice that of diploid sour jujube, which may be closely related to the differences in xylem vessel differentiation-related ZjVND7 targets between the two ploidy types. Although the five enriched binding motifs are different, the most reliable motif in both diploid and autotetraploid sour jujube was CTTNAAG. Additionally, ZjVND7 targeted 236 and 321 genes in diploids and autotetraploids, respectively. More identified targeted genes of ZjVND7 were annotated to xylem development, secondary wall synthesis, cell death, cell division, and DNA endoreplication in autotetraploids than in diploids. SMR1 plays distinct roles in both proliferating and differentiated cells. Under drought stress, the binding signal of ZjVND7 to ZjSMR1 was stronger in autotetraploids than in diploids, and the fold-changes in the expression of ZjVND7 and ZjSMR1 were larger in the autotetraploids than in the diploids. These results suggested that the targeted regulation of ZjVND7 on ZjSMR1 may play valuable roles in autotetraploids in the response to drought stress. We hypothesized that the binding of ZjVND7 to ZjSMR1 might play a role in cell division and transdifferentiation from parenchyma cells to vessels in the xylem. This regulation could prolong the cell cycle and regulate endoreplication in response to drought stress and abscisic acid, which may be stronger in polyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weicong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Pang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Shen LY, Luo H, Wang XL, Wang XM, Qiu XJ, Liu H, Zhou SS, Jia KH, Nie S, Bao YT, Zhang RG, Yun QZ, Chai YH, Lu JY, Li Y, Zhao SW, Mao JF, Jia SG, Mao YM. Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly for Chinese Sour Jujube and Insights Into Its Genome Evolution and Domestication Signature. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:773090. [PMID: 34899800 PMCID: PMC8652243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sour or wild jujube fruits and dried seeds are popular food all over the world. In this study, we reported a high-quality genome assembly of sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa), with a size of 406 Mbp and scaffold N50 of 30.3 Mbp, which experienced only γ hexaploidization event, without recent genome duplication. Population structure analysis identified four jujube subgroups (two domesticated ones, i.e., D1 in West China and D2 in East/SouthEast China, semi-wild, and wild), which underwent an evolutionary history of a significant decline of effective population size during the Last Glacial Period. The respective selection signatures of three subgroups were discovered, such as strong peaks on chromosomes #3 in D1, #1 in D2, and #4 in wild. Genes under the most significant selection on chromosomes #4 in wild were confirmed to be involved in fruit variations among jujube accessions, in transcriptomic analysis. Our study offered novel insights into the jujube population structure and domestication and provided valuable genomic resources for jujube improvement in stress response and fruit flavor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ying Shen
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xue-Meng Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Qiu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Hua Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Gang Zhang
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Zheng Yun
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hui Chai
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ying Lu
- Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wei Zhao
- Hebei Hemuliyuan Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Jian-Feng Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Gang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Min Mao
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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