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Goudman L, Demuyser T, Pilitsis JG, Billot M, Roulaud M, Rigoard P, Moens M. Gut dysbiosis in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342833. [PMID: 38352865 PMCID: PMC10862364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent evidence supports the contribution of gut microbiota dysbiosis to the pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases, neuropathic pain, and neurodegenerative disorders. The bidirectional gut-brain communication network and the occurrence of chronic pain both involve contributions of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the association between gut microbiota and chronic pain is still not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the existing knowledge about gut microbiota alterations in chronic pain conditions. Methods Four databases were consulted for this systematic literature review: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The study protocol was prospectively registered at the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42023430115). Alpha-diversity, β-diversity, and relative abundance at different taxonomic levels were summarized qualitatively, and quantitatively if possible. Results The initial database search identified a total of 3544 unique studies, of which 21 studies were eventually included in the systematic review and 11 in the meta-analysis. Decreases in alpha-diversity were revealed in chronic pain patients compared to controls for several metrics: observed species (SMD= -0.201, 95% CI from -0.04 to -0.36, p=0.01), Shannon index (SMD= -0.27, 95% CI from -0.11 to -0.43, p<0.001), and faith phylogenetic diversity (SMD -0.35, 95% CI from -0.08 to -0.61, p=0.01). Inconsistent results were revealed for beta-diversity. A decrease in the relative abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family, genus Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, and species of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Odoribacter splanchnicus, as well as an increase in Eggerthella spp., was revealed in chronic pain patients compared to controls. Discussion Indications for gut microbiota dysbiosis were revealed in chronic pain patients, with non-specific disease alterations of microbes. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023430115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goudman
- STIMULUS (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department Microbiology and Infection Control, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- AIMS Lab, Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie G. Pilitsis
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Maxime Billot
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Manuel Roulaud
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Rigoard
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Department of Spine Surgery and Neuromodulation, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Pprime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, University of Poitiers, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France
| | - Maarten Moens
- STIMULUS (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Billet B, Choisnard L, Faure P, Guicherd D, Cussigh E, Peyrin E, Ravelet C, Chovelon B. Stability of fecal calprotectin extracts using the Diasorin ® kit. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:e13-e15. [PMID: 37470268 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Billet
- Unit of Biochemistry of Hormones and Nutrition, Institute of Biology and Pathology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Luc Choisnard
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Faure
- Unit of Biochemistry of Hormones and Nutrition, Institute of Biology and Pathology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Guicherd
- Unit of Biochemistry of Hormones and Nutrition, Institute of Biology and Pathology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Cussigh
- Unit of Biochemistry of Hormones and Nutrition, Institute of Biology and Pathology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Peyrin
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Ravelet
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Chovelon
- Unit of Biochemistry of Hormones and Nutrition, Institute of Biology and Pathology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- DPM UMR 5063, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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Ribeiro IP, Nascimento LGD, Tort LFL, Pereira EC, Menezes LSR, Malta FC, Oliveira BCEPDD, Rodrigues JP, Manso PPDA, Pelajo M, Bonaldo MC, Silva PCR, Siqueira MM, Brasil P, Fumian TM. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Particles from Rectal Swab Samples from COVID-19 Patients in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051152. [PMID: 37243238 DOI: 10.3390/v15051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 viral excretion in rectal swab (RS), saliva, and nasopharyngeal swab (NS) samples from symptomatic patients and asymptomatic contacts. In addition, in order to evaluate the replication potential of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the excretion of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from feces, we investigated the presence of subgenomic nucleoprotein gene (N) mRNA (sgN) in RS samples and cytopathic effects in Vero cell culture. A prospective cohort study was performed to collect samples from symptomatic patients and contacts in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from May to October 2020. One hundred and seventy-six patients had samples collected at home visits and/or during the follow up, resulting in a total of 1633 RS, saliva, or NS samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 130 (73.9%) patients who had at least one sample that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The presence of replicating SARS-CoV-2 in RS samples, measured by the detection of sgN mRNA, was successfully achieved in 19.4% (6/31) of samples, whilst infectious SARS-CoV-2, measured by the generation of cytopathic effects in cell culture, was identified in only one RS sample. Although rare, our results demonstrated the replication capacity of SARS-CoV-2 in the GI tract, and infectious viruses in one RS sample. There is still a gap in the knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 fecal-oral transmission. Additional studies are warranted to investigate fecal or wastewater exposure as a risk factor for transmission in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian Gonçalves do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Lopez Tort
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidad de la República, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Elisa Cavalcante Pereira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Souza Raphael Menezes
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Correia Malta
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - João Paulo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Manso
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende Silva
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Demoliner M, Filippi M, Gularte JS, da Silva MS, de Almeida PR, Pereira VMDAG, Heldt FH, Spilki FR. Genome of a husavirus from Southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e5. [PMID: 36651466 PMCID: PMC9870242 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
New viruses of the Picornavirales order have been discovered with the increase in the number of sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing, as well as human stool-associated RNA virus (husavirus [HuV]), found in human stool samples. However, there is much to be clarified about HuV. Its cellular host, evolutionary history, and other biological characteristics are still unknown. Therefore, samples collected from human beings and environmental samples in a watershed in Southern Brazil were processed for the metagenomic library. Upon metagenomic analysis, we identified a HuV (husavirus LMM_67754 OP019707) genome with 8,846 bp, which was reported for the first time in Southern Brazil. The new genome presents only 37% of nucleotide identity with Brazilian strains and more than 90% with genomes from China, Vietnam, Venezuela, and the Netherlands. The HuV phylogeny presents significant differences among genomes, probably because multiple introductions of the virus may have occurred. Many questions still need to be answered about HuV. Therefore, more sequences and studies on this virus are necessary to improve the comprehension of the unknown origin of Picornavirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriane Demoliner
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schons Gularte
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fágner Henrique Heldt
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Kifaro EG, Kim MJ, Jung S, Jang YH, Moon S, Lee DH, Song CS, Misinzo G, Kim SK. Microparticles as Viral RNA Carriers from Stool for Stable and Sensitive Surveillance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020261. [PMID: 36673071 PMCID: PMC9857651 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as an important technology for the diagnosis and identification of infectious diseases. It is a highly sensitive and reliable nucleic acids (NA) detection tool for various sample types. However, stool, which carries the most abundant micro-organisms and physiological byproducts, remains to be the trickiest clinical specimen for molecular detection of pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate the novel application of hydrogel microparticles as carriers of viral RNA from stool samples without prior RNA purification for real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In each microparticle of primer-incorporated network (PIN) as a self-sufficient reaction compartment, immobilized reverse transcription (RT) primers capture the viral RNA by hybridization and directly initiate RT of RNA to generate a pool of complementary DNA (PIN-cDNA pool). Through a simple operation with a portable thermostat device, a PIN-cDNA pool for influenza A virus (IAV) was obtained in 20 min. The PIN-cDNA pools can be stored at room temperature, or directly used to deliver cDNA templates for qPCR. The viral cDNA templates were freely released in the subsequent qPCR to allow amplification efficiency of over 91%. The assay displayed good linearity, repeatability, and comparable limit of detection (LoD) with a commercialized viral RNA purification kit. As a proof of concept, this technology carries a huge potential for onsite application to improve human and animal infectious disease surveillance activities using stool samples without the need for a laboratory or centrifuge for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel George Kifaro
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-ha Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Moon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Sang Kyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Russo N, Floridia V, D’Alessandro E, Lopreiato V, Pino A, Chiofalo V, Caggia C, Liotta L, Randazzo CL. Influence of olive cake dietary supplementation on fecal microbiota of dairy cows. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1137452. [PMID: 37206333 PMCID: PMC10188969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive by-products represent a valuable low-price feed supplement for animal nutrition. In the present study, the effect of the dietary destoned olive cake supplementation, on both composition and dynamics of the fecal bacterial biota of cow, was assessed by Illumina MiSeq analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, metabolic pathways were predicted by using the PICRUSt2 bioinformatic tool. Eighteen lactating cows, according to the body condition score, the days from calving, and the daily milk production were homogeneously allocated into two groups, control or experimental, and subjected to different dietary treatments. In detail, the experimental diet contained, along with the components of the control one, 8% of destoned olive cake. Metagenomics data revealed significant differences in abundance rather than in richness between the two groups. Results showed that Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were identified as the dominant phyla, accounting for over 90% of the total bacterial population. The Desulfobacterota phylum, able to reduce sulfur compounds, was detected only in fecal samples of cows allocated to the experimental diet whereas the Elusimicrobia phylum, a common endosymbiont or ectosymbiont of various flagellated protists, was detected only in cows subjected to the control diet. In addition, both Oscillospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families were mainly found in the experimental group whereas fecal samples of control cows showed the presence of Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidaceae families, usually associated with the high roughage or low concentrate diet. Based on the PICRUSt2 bioinformatic tool, pathways related to carbohydrate, fatty acid, lipid, and amino acids biosynthesis were mainly up regulated in the experimental group. On the contrary, in the control group, the metabolic pathways detected with the highest occurrence were associated with amino acids biosynthesis and degradation, aromatic compounds degradation, nucleosides and nucleotides biosynthesis. Hence, the present study confirms that the destoned olive cake is a valuable feed supplement able to modulate the fecal microbiota of cows. Further studies will be conducted in order to deepen the inter-relationships between the GIT microbiota and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziatina Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna SRL, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viviana Floridia
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico D’Alessandro
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna SRL, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- CERNUT, Interdepartmental Research Centre in Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Pino,
| | - Vincenzo Chiofalo
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Consortium Research of Meat and Agribusiness Chain, Messina, Italy
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna SRL, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- CERNUT, Interdepartmental Research Centre in Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Randazzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna SRL, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- CERNUT, Interdepartmental Research Centre in Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Basmaciyan L, François A, Vincent A, Valot S, Bonnin A, Costa D, Razakandrainibe R, Morio F, Favennec L, Dalle F. Commercial Simplex and Multiplex PCR Assays for the Detection of Intestinal Parasites Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.: Comparative Evaluation of Seven Commercial PCR Kits with Routine In-House Simplex PCR Assays. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2325. [PMID: 34835453 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, many commercial kits allowing the detection of digestive parasites by DNA amplification methods have been developed, including simplex PCR assays (SimpPCRa) allowing the identification of a single parasite, and multiplex PCR assays (MultPCRa) allowing the identification of several parasites at once. Thus, aimed at improving the diagnosis of intestinal protozoal infections, it is essential to evaluate the performances of these new tools. A total of 174 DNA samples collected between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively included in this study. Performances of four commercial SimpPCRa (i.e., CerTest-VIASURETM) and three MultPCRa (i.e., CerTest-VIASURETM, FAST-TRACK-Diagnostics-FTD-Stool-ParasiteTM and DIAGENODE-Gastroenteritis/Parasite-panel-ITM) were evaluated for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba spp., and Giardia intestinalis in stool samples compared to our routinely used in-house SimpPCRa. Globally, the SimpPCRa showed better sensitivity/specificity for the detection of G. intestinalis, E. histolytica, E. dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp. (i.e., 96.9/93.6%; 100/100%; 95.5/100%; and 100/99.3%, respectively), compared to the three commercial MultPCRa tested. All in all, we showed that MultPCRa offer an interesting alternative for the detection of protozoans in stool samples depending on the clinical context.
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Akiyama Y, Kinoshita N, Sadamasu K, Nagashima M, Yoshida I, Kusaba Y, Suzuki T, Nagashima M, Ishikane M, Takasaki J, Yoshimura K, Ohmagari N. A pilot study of viral load in stools of patients with COVID-19 and diarrhea. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:36-40. [PMID: 34053956 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be detected in the stools of patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and that the virus can be transmitted by oral-fecal route. However, there are few reports on the viral load in stools. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the stools of 13 patients with confirmed COVID-19 using as control the pepper mild mottle virus, which was proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental water. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool samples from four patients (31%), among whom three presented diarrhea symptoms. One patient experiencing long-term diarrhea (22 days) had high levels of viral RNA in the stools (8.28 log10 copies/g). However, we could not isolate the SARS-CoV-2 in the stool of any patients, using VeroE6/TMPRESS2 cells for four weeks. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 RNA may be detected in the stools of patients with the diarrhea symptoms. Further studies evaluating the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load in stools and diarrhea symptoms in larger patient cohorts and upon adjusting for other causative factors and virus infectivity are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Akiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriko Kinoshita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Mami Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Isao Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yusaku Kusaba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Maki Nagashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Jin Takasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
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Milliere L, Engelmann I, Tinez C, Bouarouro Y, Ouafi M, Lazrek M, Prevost B, Hober D, Bocket L, Alidjinou EK. Stool samples versus nasopharyngeal specimens for the initial diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4145-4146. [PMID: 33666261 PMCID: PMC8014047 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claire Tinez
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Mahdi Ouafi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mouna Lazrek
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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- Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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10
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Hoffmann T, Hahn A, Verweij JJ, Leboulle G, Landt O, Strube C, Kann S, Dekker D, May J, Frickmann H, Loderstädt U. Differing Effects of Standard and Harsh Nucleic Acid Extraction Procedures on Diagnostic Helminth Real-Time PCRs Applied to Human Stool Samples. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020188. [PMID: 33572338 PMCID: PMC7916106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess standard and harsher nucleic acid extraction schemes for diagnostic helminth real-time PCR approaches from stool samples. A standard procedure for nucleic acid extraction from stool and a procedure including bead-beating as well as proteinase K digestion were compared with group-, genus-, and species-specific real-time PCR assays targeting helminths and nonhelminth pathogens in human stool samples. From 25 different in-house and commercial helminth real-time PCR assays applied to 77 stool samples comprising 67 historic samples and 10 external quality assessment scheme samples positively tested for helminths, higher numbers of positive test results were observed after bead-beating-based nucleic acid extraction for 5/25 (20%) real-time PCR assays irrespective of specificity issues. Lower cycle threshold values were observed for one real-time PCR assay after the standard extraction scheme, and for four assays after the bead-beating-based scheme. Agreement between real-time PCR results after both nucleic acid extraction strategies according to Cohen’s kappa ranged from poor to almost perfect for the different assays. Varying agreement was observed in eight nonhelminth real-time PCR assays applied to 67 historic stool samples. The study indicates highly variable effects of harsh nucleic acid extraction approaches depending on the real-time PCR assay used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); or (H.F.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, 5042 AD Tilburg, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Olfert Landt
- TIB MOLBIOL, 12103 Berlin, Germany; (G.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Simone Kann
- Medical Mission Institute, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (D.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (D.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); or (H.F.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Loderstädt
- Department of Hospital Hygiene & Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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11
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Claudel L, Valeix N, Basmaciyan L, Pereira B, Costa D, Vincent A, Valot S, Favennec L, Dalle F. Comparative Study of Eleven Mechanical Pretreatment Protocols for Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction from Stool Samples. Microorganisms 2021; 9:297. [PMID: 33540520 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, many commercial kits allow the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Cryptosporidium deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in stool samples, the efficiency of which relies on the extraction method used. Mechanical pretreatment of the stools using grinding beads has been reported to greatly improve this extraction step. However, optimization of this key step remains to be carried out. Indeed, many parameters could influence the pretreatment performances, among which the modulation of the speed and duration of the grinding step, in addition to the physicochemical features of the grinding beads, have never been evaluated to date. In this study, eleven commercial mechanical pretreatment matrixes (Lysis matrix tubes®, MP Biomedical, Irvine, CA, USA) composed of beads with different sizes, shapes, and molecular compositions, were evaluated for their performances in improving Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst DNA extraction before amplification by using our routinely used real-time PCR method. As expected, the eleven commercial mechanical pretreatment matrixes showed varying performances depending on the composition, size, and shape. All in all, the best performances were obtained when using the Lysing matrix, including ceramic beads with a median size (diameter of 1.4 mm).
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12
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Fumian TM, Malta FC, Dos Santos DRL, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Fialho AM, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in stool samples from acute gastroenteritis cases, Brazil. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2543-2547. [PMID: 33421163 PMCID: PMC8014739 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We described the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in stool samples from patients presenting only acute gastroenteritis (AGE) symptoms. From January to July 2020, 121 AGE stool samples were screened by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in 27.5% of samples received during the epidemic period. No infectious viruses were observed in Vero E6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio M Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José P G Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Adesoji AT, Liadi AM. Antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from diarrheal patients attending Malam Mande General Hospital Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:110. [PMID: 33425143 PMCID: PMC7757212 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.110.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction antibiotics resistant bacteria (ARB) is a worldwide problem. Information on ARB associated with diarrheal stool samples from Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria is scare. Methods this study examines 41 stool samples of diarrhea patients from a selected hospital in Dutsin-Ma. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information and used antibiotics. Bacteria isolation and antibiotics susceptibility tests were determined using standard microbiological techniques. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria were selected based on resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Results twenty bacteria that include Escherichia coli (n = 15) and Salmonella spp. (n = 5) were isolated. Pediatric age group (0-5 years) showed highest prevalence of 73.3 and 60% respectively. Illiterate patients showed highest (60%) frequency of Salmonella spp. Tetracycline was mostly observed for treating diarrhea among patients; high resistance to amoxicillin (80%), ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (73.3%) was noticed in E. coli. To each of amoxicillin and ampicillin, 100% resistance was observed among Salmonella spp. Two and one MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified respectively. Conclusion high occurrence of studied bacteria among infants and aged adults coupled with some displaying MDR characteristics calls for urgent public health attention, hence, comprehensive studies are needed for the determination of molecular epidemiology of these bacteria for public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Timilehin Adesoji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Mansur Liadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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14
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Valeix N, Costa D, Basmaciyan L, Valot S, Vincent A, Razakandrainibe R, Robert-Gangneux F, Nourrisson C, Pereira B, Fréalle E, Poirier P, Favennec L, Dalle F. Multicenter Comparative Study of Six Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction Protocols Including Mechanical Pretreatment from Stool Samples. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1450. [PMID: 32971858 PMCID: PMC7564494 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, many commercial kits allow the detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in stool samples after deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction. Protocols of stool pretreatment have been proposed to optimize oocysts' DNA extraction. Among them, mechanical grinding was reported to improve the performance of Cryptosporidium oocysts' DNA extraction. METHODS A multicenter comparative study was conducted within the framework of the French National Reference Center-Expert Laboratory for Cryptosporidiosis. Six extraction systems (i.e., manual or automated) associated with various mechanical pretreatment protocols, were compared for the Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst' DNA extraction, before amplification using the same real-time PCR method targeting. RESULTS The sensitivity of real-time PCR assay was unequally impacted by the pretreatment/extraction protocol. We observed significant differences for the lowest concentrations of C. parvum oocysts (i.e., 0-94.4% and 33.3-100% respectively for 10 and 50 oocysts/mL). All in all, the protocol using Quick DNA Fecal/Soil Microbe-Miniprep® manual kit showed the best performances. In addition, optimal performances of mechanical pretreatment were obtained by combining a grinding duration of 60 s with a speed of 4 m/s using Fastprep24® with Lysing Matrix E®. CONCLUSIONS Sample pretreatment, as well as the extraction method, needs to be properly adapted to improve the diagnostic performances of the C. parvum DNA amplification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Valeix
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, 2 rue A. Ducoudray, BP 37013, CEDEX, 21070 Dijon, France; (N.V.); (L.B.); (S.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (R.R.); (L.F.)
- Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, Institut de Biologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Louise Basmaciyan
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, 2 rue A. Ducoudray, BP 37013, CEDEX, 21070 Dijon, France; (N.V.); (L.B.); (S.V.); (A.V.)
- UMR PAM, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté-AgroSup Dijon-Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Valot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, 2 rue A. Ducoudray, BP 37013, CEDEX, 21070 Dijon, France; (N.V.); (L.B.); (S.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Anne Vincent
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, 2 rue A. Ducoudray, BP 37013, CEDEX, 21070 Dijon, France; (N.V.); (L.B.); (S.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (R.R.); (L.F.)
- Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, Institut de Biologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florence Robert-Gangneux
- Univ. Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Céline Nourrisson
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.N.); (B.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.N.); (B.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Emilie Fréalle
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-59000 Lille, France;
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.N.); (B.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Loic Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (R.R.); (L.F.)
- Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, Institut de Biologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire C. Nicolle de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, 2 rue A. Ducoudray, BP 37013, CEDEX, 21070 Dijon, France; (N.V.); (L.B.); (S.V.); (A.V.)
- UMR PAM, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté-AgroSup Dijon-Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France
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15
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Liu C, Shao W, Gao M, Liu J, Guo Q, Jin J, Meng F. Changes in intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes on a low-fat diet during 6 months of follow-up. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32952631 PMCID: PMC7480128 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. To date, studies on the gut microbiota have focused on the genus-level composition and microbial gene sets, whereas changes in the microbiota after clinical treatment have remained largely elusive. In the present study, 16 subjects with T2DM were enrolled and treated long-term with a low-fat diet. Stool samples were collected at the initial diagnosis and after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment, and named as group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Simultaneously, stool samples from 16 healthy individuals were collected as a control (group C). In addition, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed to detect differences in the microbiota between the groups. Following the low-fat diet treatment, the patients' fasting plasma glucose, plasma glucose 2 h after challenge, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly. The composition of the phylum in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was similar to that in healthy individuals. A total of 23 genera from four phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, were determined to be different between group T0 and group C, while only 8 genera were different between group T3 and group C. Repeated analysis of variance suggested a complex change during the low-fat diet treatment. The butyrate-producing bacteria Anaerotruncus exhibited a slight increase, while Roseburia was significantly increased at the T1 stage but then gradually decreased at the later stage. In summary, a low-fat diet was effective for patients with T2DM in reducing blood glucose and the BMI, and, to a certain extent, improving the intestinal flora to reach a normal composition. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR; registration no. ChiCTR1900028663).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengguo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhoushan Putuo District People's Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316199, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhoushan Putuo District People's Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316199, P.R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhoushan Putuo District People's Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316199, P.R. China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhoushan Putuo District People's Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316199, P.R. China
| | - Qiongyao Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhoushan Putuo District People's Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316199, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Research Service, Zhiyuan Medical Inspection Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Fei Meng
- Department of Research Service, Zhiyuan Medical Inspection Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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16
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Kumar DS, Kulkarni P, Shabadi N, Gopi A, Mohandas A, Narayana Murthy MR. Geographic information system and foldscope technology in detecting intestinal parasitic infections among school children of South India. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3623-3629. [PMID: 33102340 PMCID: PMC7567236 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_568_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective and efficient use of technological advances will ease public health interventions and also help in reaching a larger population. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Foldscope are two such technologies, which have promising utilities in public health. Identifying intestinal parasitic infections early through feasible technologies will help in their effective management. With this objective, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in southern districts of Karnataka, India. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 10 urban, 10 rural, and 5 tribal schools of southern districts of Karnataka. A total of 1052 children studying in these schools were selected. Stool samples were collected and examined under Foldscope for parasitic infestation. The schools where children with worm infestations present were plotted in the GIS map. FINDINGS Among 1052 children included in this study, 139 (13.2%) were found to have an intestinal parasitic infestation. Among these children, 24.6% were in the age group of 5-9 years, 12.2% were males, and 14.4% were females. Urban students had higher odds (2.765) of parasitic infections compared to rural students. Mean age, height, and weight were significantly lesser among subjects with a worm infestation. INTERPRETATION Utility of Foldscope and GIS was found to be feasible and effective in the detection and mapping of parasitic infestations. The prevalence of parasitic infestation was found to be high among urban school children. Age, weight, height, and urban residence were found to be the major predictors of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sunil Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nayanabai Shabadi
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Gopi
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aparna Mohandas
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - MR Narayana Murthy
- Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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17
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Xiang W, Peng Z, Xu J, Shen H, Li W. Evaluation of a commercial latex agglutination test for detecting rotavirus A and human adenovirus in children's stool specimens. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23208. [PMID: 31930752 PMCID: PMC7246382 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Rotavirus A and human adenovirus are the two most common causes of infantile diarrhea; thus, it is of great importance to find out a rapid and accurate diagnostic method. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of latex agglutination test for detection of rotavirus A and human adenovirus. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 214 diarrhea children from September 2018 to March 2019 in our hospital. Fresh stool samples were collected for detection of rotavirus A and human adenovirus by latex agglutination test and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Then, the consistency of results detected by these two methods was analyzed. Results With performing the latex agglutination test, it was revealed that positive rates for detecting rotavirus A virus and human adenovirus were 23.83% (51/214) and 25.24% (54/214), respectively. Meanwhile, results of RT‐qPCR showed that positive rates for detecting rotavirus A virus and human adenovirus were 58 (27.10%) and 59 (27.57%), respectively. Using RT‐qPCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination test for detecting rotavirus A were 81.03% and 97.44%, and the corresponding values for detecting human adenovirus were 76.27% and 94.19%, respectively. Conclusion This latex agglutination test showed a satisfactory consistency with RT‐qPCR for detecting rotavirus A and human adenovirus. The mentioned commercial assay may be highly appropriate for rapid screening of rotavirus A and human adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Minodier L, Masse S, Capai L, Blanchon T, Ceccaldi PE, van der Werf S, Hanslik T, Charrel R, Falchi A. Risk factors for seasonal influenza virus detection in stools of patients consulting in general practice for acute respiratory infections in France, 2014-2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:398-406. [PMID: 29144593 PMCID: PMC6586184 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies reported detection of influenza RNA in stools of patients with seasonal influenza infection. While this detection may have a clinical significance, other factors may influence the stool positivity for influenza viruses. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate demographical, clinical, and microbiological factors which could favor the presence of influenza viral RNA in the stools of patients with laboratory‐confirmed influenza infection. Methods Acute respiratory infection (ARI) patients were enrolled by general practitioners (GP) during two winter seasons (2014‐2016). Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool specimens, and clinical data were collected. Samples were tested for 12 respiratory pathogen groups (nasopharyngeal and stool specimens) and for 12 enteric pathogens (stool specimens). Results Among the 331 patients with ARI enrolled by GP, 114 (34.4%) presented influenza infection. Influenza RNA was detected in stool samples of 21% (24/114) of the 114 stool specimens analyzed. Hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.8 (95% confidence interval (CI)) [1.7‐33.7], P = .02), age between 45 and 64 years (aOR = 4.8 [1.7‐14.5], P = .01), consumption of raw shellfish and/or mollusks (aOR = 16.7 [3.6‐90.9], P = .00), and use of antibiotics (aOR = 6.4 [2.1‐19.8], P = .006) or antiviral treatment (aOR = 7.4 [1.9‐29], P = .01) were significantly associated with an increased odds of the detection of influenza RNA in stools. Among the 24 stool samples subjected to viral isolation, no one showed virus growth. Conclusions These findings will be useful to studies investigating the dissemination route of influenza viruses to gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Minodier
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte, France
| | - Shirley Masse
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte, France
| | - Lisandru Capai
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte, France
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute, Virology Department, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Paris, France.,Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR de Médecine, Versailles, France.,Hôpital universitaire Ambroise Paré APHP, Service de médecine interne, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Remi Charrel
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP) & Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, Corte, France
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to develop and validate a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) assay of Helicobacter pylori in stool samples of healthy children. Additionally, we determined the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance and cagA gene in H. pylori-positive samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archived stool samples from 188 children aged 6-9 years and 272 samples of 92 infants aged 2-18 months were tested for H. pylori antigens using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A multiplex q-PCR assay was designed to detect H. pylori 16S rRNA and urease and the human RNase P gene as an internal control. Kappa coefficient was calculated to assess the agreement between q-PCR and EIA. RESULTS Laboratory validation of the q-PCR assay using quantitated H. pylori ATCC 43504 extracted DNA showed S-shaped amplification curves for all genes; the limit of detection was 1 CFU/reaction. No cross-reactivity with other bacterial pathogens was noted. Applying the multiplex q-PCR to DNA extracted from fecal samples showed clear amplification curves for urease gene, but not for 16S rRNA. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 50% (95% CI 43%-57%) by q-PCR (urease cycle threshold <44) vs 59% (95% CI 52%-66%) by EIA. Kappa coefficient was .80 (P < .001) and .44 (P < .001) for children aged 6-9 years and 2-18 months, respectively. Sixteen samples were positive for cagA and three were positive for clarithromycin resistance mutation (A2143G) as confirmed by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The developed q-PCR can be used as a cotechnique to enhance the accuracy of H. pylori detection in epidemiological studies and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gany Beer-Davidson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Musa Hindiyeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Israel Central Virology Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Khitam Muhsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Vetter MR, Staggemeier R, Dalla Vecchia A, Henzel A, Rigotto C, Spilki FR. Seasonal variation on the presence of adenoviruses in stools from non-diarrheic patients. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:749-52. [PMID: 26413056 PMCID: PMC4568858 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV), members of the Adenoviridae family, are
excreted through the fecal route and may be present in the feces of humans consuming
contaminated food or water. The presence of HAdV from different serotypes in the
feces of healthy individuals was already reported using conventional polymerase chain
reaction; however, real-time PCR (qPCR) may reveal not only the rates of detection as
well as demonstrate the viral loads excreted by healthy persons. Aiming to identify
and characterize the presence of adenoviruses in stool samples, 147 fecal samples
from patients with no records of diarrhea were analyzed (74 from winter season and 73
from summer) by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional PCR. HAdV genome was
present in 43.8% (32/73) of stools samples collected during summer season and 21.6%
(16/74) during winter. The rate of detection of genomic copies (gc) ranged from
4.04×102 to 6.72×105gc/g of feces among the 147 samples
analyzed, of which the ranged of genomic copies of DNA HAdV was major in summer. All
samples were negative when tested for rotaviruses (RV) and noroviruses (NoV) by PCR
conventional and qPCR respectively. HAdV is excreted constantly by infected
individuals in the absence of clinical signs and the occurrence may vary
seasonally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Regina Vetter
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Staggemeier
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Dalla Vecchia
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Henzel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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21
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Gerver SM, Johnson AP, Hope RJ. Clostridium difficile toxin testing by National Health Service (NHS) acute Trusts in England: 2008-2013. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:850.e1-4. [PMID: 25964154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In October 2007, a governmental 3-year target to reduce Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) by 30%, with financial penalties levied for failure, was introduced in England. This target was met within just 1 year, leading to speculation of 'gaming', with hospitals empirically treating possible CDI in the absence of a microbiological diagnosis, to avoid having to report confirmed cases. An analysis of aggregate mandatory data on levels of testing for C. difficile toxin showed little evidence of a fall in testing during the steepest infection rate reductions, suggesting that this was not a major factor in the decline in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gerver
- HCAI and AMR Department, Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Health Protection, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - A P Johnson
- HCAI and AMR Department, Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Health Protection, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - R J Hope
- HCAI and AMR Department, Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Health Protection, Public Health England, London, UK
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22
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Bonot S, Ogorzaly L, El Moualij B, Zorzi W, Cauchie HM. Detection of small amounts of human adenoviruses in stools: comparison of a new immuno real-time PCR assay with classical tools. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1010-6. [PMID: 25041100 PMCID: PMC7162227 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of low virus concentrations in biological matrices, especially stool samples, is facing significant limitations as far as common diagnostic methods (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)) are considered. Here the development of a new immuno real-time PCR (iPCR) is described and its performance in the detection of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in spiked stools is compared with those of ELISA and qPCR assays. For the iPCR, detection of the sandwich formed by the complexation of capture antibody-antigen-detection antibody was performed by qPCR thanks to the substitution of peroxydase by a chimeric DNA. This modification increased the detection sensitivity 200-fold compared to ELISA. The direct qPCR results revealed that only 0.3–9.5% of the spiked HAdV were detectable, resulting from important losses of DNA occurring at the extraction step. This step was not necessary in the iPCR workflow, avoiding this drawback. The losses of viral particles occurred at the elution step from the stool only. The recovery rate of the iPCR was thus better and ranged between 21 and 54%. As a result, iPCR enabled the detection of lower virus concentrations in stool samples compared to those detected by ELISA and qPCR. The iPCR could be considered as a ‘hyper sensitive ELISA’ for early detection of HAdV infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonot
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Belvaux, Luxembourg
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23
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Tait E, Hill KA, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Development of a novel method for detection of Clostridium difficile using HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1010-9. [PMID: 24320174 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A novel method has been developed that allows successful differentiation between Clostridium difficile culture-positive and culture-negative stool samples based on volatile organic compound (VOC) evolution and detection by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). METHODS AND RESULTS The method is based on the activation of p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase produced by Cl. difficile and the detection of a specific VOC, that is 2-fluoro-4-methylphenol from an enzyme substrate. In addition, other VOCs were good indicators for Cl. difficile, that is isocaproic acid and p-cresol, although they could not be used alone for identification purposes. One hundred stool samples were tested, of which 77 were positive by culture. Detection using HS-SPME-GC-MS allowed confirmation of the presence of Cl. difficile within 18 h with a sensitivity and specificity of 83·1 and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that this new approach could be used alongside conventional methods for Cl. difficile detection, including toxin detection methods, which would allow any false-negative results to be eliminated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The ability to identify Cl. difficile-positive stool samples by the analysis of VOCs could allow the development of a VOC detection device which could allow rapid diagnosis of disease and hence prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tait
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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Muscillo M, Fratini M, Graffeo R, Sanguinetti M, Martella V, Green KY, Della Libera S, La Rosa G. GIV Noroviruses in Wastewaters and in Stool Specimens from Hospitalized Patients. Food Environ Virol 2013; 5:10.1007/s12560-013-9121-5. [PMID: 23943065 PMCID: PMC5570654 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are important human pathogens associated with foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis. These viruses are genetically highly heterogeneous, with more than forty genotypes within three genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) identified in humans. However, the vast majority of human infections are associated with variants of a unique genotype, GII.4. Aside from these NoV strains of epidemiological relevance, NoV strains of genogroup GIV (Alphatron-like) are reported in a sporadic fashion and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown and this likely reflects the lack of specific diagnostic tools. We analyzed raw sewages collected from 32 wastewater treatment plants distributed throughout Italy (307 samples) and stool specimens collected from hospitalized patients with clinical signs of diarrhea of unknown etiology (285 samples). By using specific qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR assays, 21.8 % of the sewage samples and 3.2 % of the stool specimens tested positive for GIV NoVs. The number of genome copies in fecal samples ranged from 5.08 × 104 to 1.73× 106/g of feces. Sequence analysis showed limited genetic variability in human GIV viruses. The presence of GIV NoV both in sewage and in clinical samples confirms that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating in humans. Monitoring of GIV NoV is recommended in order to understand the dynamics of circulation in human populations, environmental contamination, and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muscillo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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25
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Ahmed FE, Ahmed NC, Vos PW, Bonnerup C, Atkins JN, Casey M, Nuovo GJ, Naziri W, Wiley JE, Mota H, Allison RR. Diagnostic microRNA markers to screen for sporadic human colon cancer in stool: I. Proof of principle. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2013; 10:93-113. [PMID: 23741026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To present proof-of-principle application for employing micro(mi)RNAs as diagnostic markers for colon cancer, we carried out global microarray expression studies on stool samples obtained from fifteen individuals (three controls, and three each with TNM stage 0-1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4 colon cancer), using Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 3.0 Array, to select for a panel of miRNA genes for subsequent focused semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis studies. Microarray results showed 202 preferentially expressed miRNA genes that were either increased (141 miRNAs), or reduced (61 miRNAs) in expression. We then conducted a stem-loop reverse transcriptase (RT)-TaqMan® minor groove binding (MGB) probes, followed by a modified qPCR expression study on 20 selected miRNAs. Twelve of the miRNAs exhibited increased and 8 decreased expression in stool from 60 individuals (20 controls, 20 with tumor-lymph node-metastatic (TNM) stage 0-1, 10 with stage 2, five with stage 3, and 5 with stage 4 colon cancer) to quantitatively monitor miRNA changes at various TNM stages of colon cancer progression. We also used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) of colon mucosal epithelial tissue samples (three control samples, and three samples from each of the four stages of colon cancer, for a total of 15 samples) to find concordance or lack thereof with stool findings. The reference housekeeping pseudogene-free ribosomal gene (18S rRNA), which shows little variation in expression, was employed as a normalization standard for relative PCR quantification. Results of the PCR analyses confirmed that twelve miRNAs (miR-7, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-92a, miR-96, miR-106a, miR-134, miR-183, miR-196a, miR-199a-3p and miR214) had an increased expression in the stool of patients with colon cancer, and that later TNM carcinoma stages exhibited a more pronounced expression than did adenomas. On the other hand, eight miRNAs (miR-9, miR-29b, miR-127-5p, miR-138, miR-143, miR-146a, miR-222 and miR-938) had decreased expression in the stool of patients with colon cancer, which was also more pronounced from early to later TNM stages. Results from colon mucosal tissues were similar to those from stool samples, although with more apparent changes in expression. Cytological studies on purified stool colonocytes that employed Giemsa staining showed 80% sensitivity for detecting tumor cells in stool smears. The performance characteristics of the test confirmed that stool is a medium well-suited for colon cancer screening, and that the quantitative changes in the expression of few mature miRNA molecules in stool associated with colon cancer progression provided for more sensitive and specific non-invasive diagnostic markers than tests currently available on the market. Thus, a larger prospective and properly randomized validation study of control individuals and patients exhibiting various stages of colon cancer progression (TNM stages 0-IV) is now needed in order to standardize test conditions, and provide a means for determining the true sensitivity and specificity of a miRNA screening approach in stool for the non-invasive detection of colon cancer, particularly at an early stage (0-I). Eventually, we will develop a chip to enhance molecular screening for colon cancer, as has been accomplished for the detection of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid E Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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