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Peters DL, Gaudreault F, Chen W. Functional domains of Acinetobacter bacteriophage tail fibers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1230997. [PMID: 38690360 PMCID: PMC11058221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1230997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A rapid increase in antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections around the world is causing a global health crisis. The Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii is categorized as a Priority 1 pathogen for research and development of new antimicrobials by the World Health Organization due to its numerous intrinsic antibiotic resistance mechanisms and ability to quickly acquire new resistance determinants. Specialized phage enzymes, called depolymerases, degrade the bacterial capsule polysaccharide layer and show therapeutic potential by sensitizing the bacterium to phages, select antibiotics, and serum killing. The functional domains responsible for the capsule degradation activity are often found in the tail fibers of select A. baumannii phages. To further explore the functional domains associated with depolymerase activity, tail-associated proteins of 71 sequenced and fully characterized phages were identified from published literature and analyzed for functional domains using InterProScan. Multisequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the domain groups and assessed in the context of noted halo formation or depolymerase characterization. Proteins derived from phages noted to have halo formation or a functional depolymerase, but no functional domain hits, were modeled with AlphaFold2 Multimer, and compared to other protein models using the DALI server. The domains associated with depolymerase function were pectin lyase-like (SSF51126), tailspike binding (cd20481), (Trans)glycosidases (SSF51445), and potentially SGNH hydrolases. These findings expand our knowledge on phage depolymerases, enabling researchers to better exploit these enzymes for therapeutic use in combating the antimicrobial resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Peters
- Human Health Therapeutics (HHT) Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics (HHT) Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Morozova VV, Yakubovskij VI, Baykov IK, Kozlova YN, Tikunov AY, Babkin IV, Bardasheva AV, Zhirakovskaya EV, Tikunova NV. StenM_174: A Novel Podophage That Infects a Wide Range of Stenotrophomonas spp. and Suggests a New Subfamily in the Family Autographiviridae. Viruses 2023; 16:18. [PMID: 38275953 PMCID: PMC10820202 DOI: 10.3390/v16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was discovered as a soil bacterium associated with the rhizosphere. Later, S. maltophilia was found to be a multidrug-resistant hospital-associated pathogen. Lytic bacteriophages are prospective antimicrobials; therefore, there is a need for the isolation and characterization of new Stenotrophomonas phages. The phage StenM_174 was isolated from litter at a poultry farm using a clinical strain of S. maltophilia as the host. StenM_174 reproduced in a wide range of clinical and environmental strains of Stenotrophomonas, mainly S. maltophilia, and it had a podovirus morphotype. The length of the genomic sequence of StenM_174 was 42,956 bp, and it contained 52 putative genes. All genes were unidirectional, and 31 of them encoded proteins with predicted functions, while the remaining 21 were identified as hypothetical ones. Two tail spike proteins of StenM_174 were predicted using AlphaFold2 structural modeling. A comparative analysis of the genome shows that the Stenotrophomonas phage StenM_174, along with the phages Ponderosa, Pepon, Ptah, and TS-10, can be members of the new putative genus Ponderosavirus in the Autographiviridae family. In addition, the analyzed data suggest a new subfamily within this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Morozova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Vyacheslav I. Yakubovskij
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ivan K. Baykov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
- Shared Research Facility “Siberian Circular Photon Source” (SRF “SKIF”) of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuliya N. Kozlova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Artem Yu. Tikunov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Igor V. Babkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Alevtina V. Bardasheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Zhirakovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Nina V. Tikunova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.I.Y.); (A.Y.T.); (I.V.B.)
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Evseev PV, Lukianova AA, Shneider MM, Korzhenkov AA, Bugaeva EN, Kabanova AP, Miroshnikov KK, Kulikov EE, Toshchakov SV, Ignatov AN, Miroshnikov KA. Origin and Evolution of Studiervirinae Bacteriophages Infecting Pectobacterium: Horizontal Transfer Assists Adaptation to New Niches. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1707. [PMID: 33142811 PMCID: PMC7693777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Black leg and soft rot are devastating diseases causing up to 50% loss of potential potato yield. The search for, and characterization of, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) suitable for the control of these diseases is currently a sought-after task for agricultural microbiology. Isolated lytic Pectobacterium bacteriophages Q19, PP47 and PP81 possess a similar broad host range but differ in their genomic properties. The genomic features of characterized phages have been described and compared to other Studiervirinae bacteriophages. Thorough phylogenetic analysis has clarified the taxonomy of the phages and their positioning relative to other genera of the Autographiviridae family. Pectobacterium phage Q19 seems to represent a new genus not described previously. The genomes of the phages are generally similar to the genome of phage T7 of the Teseptimavirus genus but possess a number of specific features. Examination of the structure of the genes and proteins of the phages, including the tail spike protein, underlines the important role of horizontal gene exchange in the evolution of these phages, assisting their adaptation to Pectobacterium hosts. The results provide the basis for the development of bacteriophage-based biocontrol of potato soft rot as an alternative to the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Evseev
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Anna A. Lukianova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Shneider
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
| | | | - Eugenia N. Bugaeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
- Research Center “PhytoEngineering” Ltd., Rogachevo, 141880 Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Anastasia P. Kabanova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
- Research Center “PhytoEngineering” Ltd., Rogachevo, 141880 Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Kirill K. Miroshnikov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.M.); (E.E.K.); (S.V.T.)
| | - Eugene E. Kulikov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.M.); (E.E.K.); (S.V.T.)
| | - Stepan V. Toshchakov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (K.K.M.); (E.E.K.); (S.V.T.)
| | - Alexander N. Ignatov
- Research Center “PhytoEngineering” Ltd., Rogachevo, 141880 Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Konstantin A. Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (A.A.L.); (M.M.S.); (E.N.B.); (A.P.K.)
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Lukianova AA, Shneider MM, Evseev PV, Shpirt AM, Bugaeva EN, Kabanova AP, Obraztsova EA, Miroshnikov KK, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Toschakov SV, Knirel YA, Ignatov AN, Miroshnikov KA. Morphologically Different Pectobacterium brasiliense Bacteriophages PP99 and PP101: Deacetylation of O-Polysaccharide by the Tail Spike Protein of Phage PP99 Accompanies the Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3147. [PMID: 32038580 PMCID: PMC6989608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft rot caused by numerous species of Pectobacterium and Dickeya is a serious threat to the world production of potatoes. The application of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections in medicine, agriculture, and the food industry requires the selection of comprehensively studied lytic phages and the knowledge of their infection mechanism for more rational composition of therapeutic cocktails. We present the study of two bacteriophages, infective for the Pectobacterium brasiliense strain F152. Podoviridae PP99 is a representative of the genus Zindervirus, and Myoviridae PP101 belongs to the still unclassified genomic group. The structure of O-polysaccharide of F152 was established by sugar analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy: → 4)-α-D-Manp6Ac-(1→ 2)-α-D-Manp-(1→ 3)-β-D-Galp-(1→
3↑1α-l-6dTalpAc0−2 The recombinant tail spike protein of phage PP99, gp55, was shown to deacetylate the side chain talose residue of bacterial O-polysaccharide, thus providing the selective attachment of the phage to the cell surface. Both phages demonstrate lytic behavior, thus being prospective for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Lukianova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter V Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Shpirt
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anastasia P Kabanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Research Center "PhytoEngineering" Ltd., Rogachevo, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Obraztsova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill K Miroshnikov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofiya N Senchenkova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan V Toschakov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Konstantin A Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Popova AV, Lavysh DG, Klimuk EI, Edelstein MV, Bogun AG, Shneider MM, Goncharov AE, Leonov SV, Severinov KV. Novel Fri1-like Viruses Infecting Acinetobacter baumannii-vB_AbaP_AS11 and vB_AbaP_AS12-Characterization, Comparative Genomic Analysis, and Host-Recognition Strategy. Viruses 2017; 9:E188. [PMID: 28714913 DOI: 10.3390/v9070188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative, non-fermenting aerobic bacterium which is often associated with hospital-acquired infections and known for its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics, form biofilms, and survive for long periods in hospital environments. In this study, we present two novel viruses, vB_AbaP_AS11 and vB_AbaP_AS12, specifically infecting and lysing distinct multidrug-resistant clinical A. baumannii strains with K19 and K27 capsular polysaccharide structures, respectively. Both phages demonstrate rapid adsorption, short latent periods, and high burst sizes in one-step growth experiments. The AS11 and AS12 linear double-stranded DNA genomes of 41,642 base pairs (bp) and 41,402 bp share 86% nucleotide sequence identity with the most variable regions falling in host receptor–recognition genes. These genes encode tail spikes possessing depolymerizing activities towards corresponding capsular polysaccharides which are the primary bacterial receptors. We described AS11 and AS12 genome organization and discuss the possible regulation of transcription. The overall genomic architecture and gene homology analyses showed that the phages are new representatives of the recently designated Fri1virus genus of the Autographivirinae subfamily within the Podoviridae family.
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Kropinski AM, Waddell T, Meng J, Franklin K, Ackermann HW, Ahmed R, Mazzocco A, Yates J, Lingohr EJ, Johnson RP. The host-range, genomics and proteomics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteriophage rV5. Virol J 2013; 10:76. [PMID: 23497209 PMCID: PMC3606486 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophages (phages) have been used extensively as analytical tools to type bacterial cultures and recently for control of zoonotic foodborne pathogens in foods and in animal reservoirs. METHODS We examined the host range, morphology, genome and proteome of the lytic E. coli O157 phage rV5, derived from phage V5, which is a member of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 phage typing set. RESULTS Phage rV5 is a member of the Myoviridae family possessing an icosahedral head of 91 nm between opposite apices. The extended tail measures 121 x 17 nm and has a sheath of 44 x 20 nm and a 7 nm-wide core in the contracted state. It possesses a 137,947 bp genome (43.6 mol%GC) which encodes 233 ORFs and six tRNAs. Until recently this virus appeared to be phylogenetically isolated with almost 70% of its gene products ORFans. rV5 is closely related to coliphages Delta and vB-EcoM-FY3, and more distantly related to Salmonella phages PVP-SE1 and SSE-121, Cronobacter sakazakii phage vB_CsaM_GAP31, and coliphages phAPEC8 and phi92. A complete shotgun proteomic analysis was carried out on rV5, extending what had been gleaned from the genomic analyses. Host range studies revealed that rV5 is active against several other E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kropinski
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Diseases, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tom Waddell
- Abbott Point of Care, 185 Corkstown Road, Ottawa, ON, K2H 8V4, Canada
| | - Juncai Meng
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Kristyn Franklin
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Diseases, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann
- Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Rafiq Ahmed
- Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Amanda Mazzocco
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Diseases, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - John Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Erika J Lingohr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Diseases, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Diseases, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
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Kutter EM, Skutt-Kakaria K, Blasdel B, El-Shibiny A, Castano A, Bryan D, Kropinski AM, Villegas A, Ackermann HW, Toribio AL, Pickard D, Anany H, Callaway T, Brabban AD. Characterization of a ViI-like phage specific to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Virol J 2011; 8:430. [PMID: 21899740 PMCID: PMC3184105 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage vB_EcoM_CBA120 (CBA120), isolated against Escherichia coli O157:H7 from a cattle feedlot, is morphologically very similar to the classic phage ViI of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Until recently, little was known genetically or physiologically about the ViI-like phages, and none targeting E. coli have been described in the literature. The genome of CBA120 has been fully sequenced and is highly similar to those of both ViI and the Shigella phage AG3. The core set of structural and replication-related proteins of CBA120 are homologous to those from T-even phages, but generally are more closely related to those from T4-like phages of Vibrio, Aeromonas and cyanobacteria than those of the Enterobacteriaceae. The baseplate and method of adhesion to the host are, however, very different from those of either T4 or the cyanophages. None of the outer baseplate proteins are conserved. Instead of T4's long and short tail fibers, CBA120, like ViI, encodes tail spikes related to those normally seen on podoviruses. The 158 kb genome, like that of T4, is circularly permuted and terminally redundant, but unlike T4 CBA120 does not substitute hmdCyt for cytosine in its DNA. However, in contrast to other coliphages, CBA120 and related coliphages we have isolated cannot incorporate 3H-thymidine (3H-dThd) into their DNA. Protein sequence comparisons cluster the putative "thymidylate synthase" of CBA120, ViI and AG3 much more closely with those of Delftia phage φW-14, Bacillus subtilis phage SPO1, and Pseudomonas phage YuA, all known to produce and incorporate hydroxymethyluracil (hmdUra).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bob Blasdel
- The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Anna Castano
- The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado Children's Hospital, Denver, CO
| | | | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andre Villegas
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ana L Toribio
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Derek Pickard
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Hany Anany
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
- Microbiology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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