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Thangarasu S, Baby N, Bhosale M, Lee J, Jeong C, Oh TH. Fe 2O 3/Ni Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst on Cellulose for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16282. [PMID: 38003475 PMCID: PMC10671088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the development of sustainable water-splitting (WS) systems is the formulation of electrodes by efficient combinations of electrocatalyst and binder materials. Cellulose, a biopolymer, can be considered an excellent dispersing agent and binder that can replace high-cost synthetic polymers to construct low-cost electrodes. Herein, a novel electrocatalyst was fabricated by combining Fe2O3 and Ni on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) without the use of any additional binder. Structural characterization techniques confirmed the formation of the Fe2O3-Ni nanocomposite. Microstructural studies confirmed the homogeneity of the ~50 nm-sized Fe2O3-Ni on MCC. The WS performance, which involves the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), was evaluated using a 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. The Fe2O3-Ni nanocomposite on MCC displayed an efficient performance toward lowering the overpotential in both the HER (163 mV @ 10 mA cm-2) and OER (360 mV @ 10 mA cm-2). These results demonstrate that MCC facilitated the cohesive binding of electrocatalyst materials and attachment to the substrate surface. In the future, modified cellulose-based structures (such as functionalized gels and those dissolved in various media) can be used as efficient binder materials and alternative options for preparing electrodes for WS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tae-Hwan Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea (M.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.)
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Bolivar-Prados M, Hayakawa Y, Tomsen N, Arreola V, Nascimento W, Riera S, Kawakami S, Miyaji K, Takeda Y, Kayashita J, Clavé P. Shear-Viscosity-Dependent Effect of a Gum-Based Thickening Product on the Safety of Swallowing in Older Patients with Severe Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Nutrients 2023; 15:3279. [PMID: 37513697 PMCID: PMC10384341 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid thickening is a valid therapeutic strategy for patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). The main aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of the xanthan-gum-based thickener Tsururinko Quickly (TQ, Morinaga Milk Co., Tokyo, Japan) in older patients with severe OD. A total of 85 patients (83.32 ± 6.75 y) with OD and a penetration-aspiration score (PAS) of n ≥ 3 were studied by videofluoroscopy while swallowing duplicate 10 mL boluses at <50 mPa·s, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mPa·s, to assess the safety and efficacy of swallowing and the biomechanics of a swallowing response at each viscosity level. At <50 mPa·s, only 16.25% patients swallowed safely, 45% had penetrations (PAS 3-5), and 38.75% had aspirations (PAS 6-8). Fluid thickening with TQ greatly increased the prevalence of patients with safe swallowing from 62.90% at 100 mPa·s to 95.24% at 1600 mPa·s in a shear-viscosity-dependent manner. The penetrations and aspirations were significantly reduced to 3.60% and 1.19%, respectively, at 1600 mPa·s. The threshold viscosity was 100 mPa·s and the increasing viscosity above 800 mPa·s did not further improve the therapeutic effect significantly. Increasing the shear viscosity significantly reduced the time to laryngeal vestibule closure (-16.70%), increased the time to upper oesophageal sphincter opening (+26.88%), and reduced the pharyngeal bolus velocity (-31.62%) without affecting the pharyngeal residue. TQ has a strong shear-viscosity-dependent effect on the safety of swallowing in older patients with severe OD without increasing the pharyngeal residue. The therapeutic range for TQ is 100-800 mPa·s, with 200 and 800 mPa·s being the optimal doses to cover the needs of older patients with OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Bolivar-Prados
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuki Hayakawa
- R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama-City 222-0033, Japan
| | - Noemi Tomsen
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viridiana Arreola
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Weslania Nascimento
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Riera
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Satomi Kawakami
- R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama-City 222-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Miyaji
- R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama-City 222-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama-City 222-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Kayashita
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Pere Clavé
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Cossignani L, Ianni F, Blasi F, Pollini L, Di Michele A, Pagano C, Ricci M, Perioli L. Effect of Different Drying Treatments and Sieving on Royal Gala Apple Pomace, a Thickening Agent with Antioxidant Properties. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:906. [PMID: 36840253 PMCID: PMC9967744 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing interest in the search of natural derived materials as valuable substitutes for microplastics. One of the categories investigated, represented by thickening agents deriving from agri-food waste and apple pomace (AP), was considered of interest. In this study AP was submitted to three different treatments and drying conditions (oven drying at 55 °C for 12 h; homogenization and oven drying at 55 °C for 12 h; homogenization and freeze-drying), and then grinded and sieved obtaining three different dimensional fractions (>400 µm, 250-400 µm and <250 µm). The hydroalcoholic extracts of these fractions, obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, were analyzed to compare their total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant properties, and phenol profile. Correlation studies between the above-indicated parameters were also carried out. The highest values of TPC, antioxidant capacity, and phenol content (determined by liquid chromatography) were found for oven dried AP (250-400 μm) or homogenized and freeze-dried (>400 μm) samples. Both samples were most suitable to form stable hydrogels and the sample obtained after drying at 55 °C showed the best performances in terms of ability to form a stable hydrogel. Among the studied treatments and drying conditions, the oven dried AP was demonstrated to be an interesting stabilizing material with potential applications in many fields (such as food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals) showing both antioxidant activity and thickening capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cossignani
- Section of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Section of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Blasi
- Section of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luna Pollini
- Section of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Pagano
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Perioli
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Pattananandecha T, Sirilun S, Apichai S, Ouirungroj T, Uirungroj P, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Saenjum C. Pharmaceutical Incompatibility of Lubricating Gel Formulation Reduces Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Gluconate: In Vitro Study in Northern Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12285. [PMID: 36231587 PMCID: PMC9566729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a cationic disinfectant. The positive charge of CHG molecules binds to phospholipid's negative charge in bacterial cell walls, causing membrane disruption. The in vitro kinetic physical, chemical and biological incompatibilities of nine lubricating gels with 1% w/v CHG were investigated. Five containing anionic thickener, two containing nonionic thickener, and two containing cationic thickener were collected from hospitals in northern Thailand. All the anionic and nonionic lubricating gels significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the CHG amount after 5 min of exposure time from 12.54% to 54.99%, respectively. In contrast, the amount of CHG exposed with cationic lubricating gels was maintained. Antibacterial activity was significantly reduced to a 1.17-4.33 log10 reduction for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and a 1.07-3.52 log10 reduction for Escherichia coli ATCC25922 after 5 min exposure to all anionic and nonionic lubricating gels. In contrast, the two cationic lubricating gels maintained the antibacterial activity of the CHG solution (5.69 ± 0.14 and 5.45 ± 0.17 log10 reduction). The results suggest that anionic and nonionic thickeners in lubricating gel formulations may neutralize the positive charge and reduce the antibacterial activity of CHG, reducing its effectiveness as a disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Pattananandecha
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sutasinee Apichai
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Teerapat Ouirungroj
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Pose Health Care Co., Ltd., 1 Soi Ramintra 107, Ramintra Rd., Kannayao, Bangkok 10230, Thailand
| | - Phisit Uirungroj
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Pose Health Care Co., Ltd., 1 Soi Ramintra 107, Ramintra Rd., Kannayao, Bangkok 10230, Thailand
| | - Fumihiko Ogata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naohito Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Tian M, Cheng J, Wang H, Xie Q, Wei Q, Guo M. Effects of polymerized goat milk whey protein on physicochemical properties and microstructure of recombined goat milk yogurt. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4903-4914. [PMID: 35346470 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Goat milk whey protein concentrates were manufactured by microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). When MF retentate blended with cream, which could be used as a starting material in yogurt making. The objective of this study was to prepare goat milk whey protein concentrates by membrane separation technology and to investigate the effects of polymerized goat milk whey protein (PGWP) on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of recombined goat milk yogurt. A 3-stage MF study was conducted to separate whey protein from casein in skim milk with 0.1-µm ceramic membrane. The MF permeate was ultrafiltered using a 10 kDa cut-off membrane to 10-fold, followed by 3 step diafiltration. The ultrafiltration-diafiltration-treated whey was electrodialyzed to remove 85% of salt, and to obtain goat milk whey protein concentrates with 80.99% protein content (wt/wt, dry basis). Recombined goat milk yogurt was prepared by mixing cream and MF retentate, and PGWP was used as main thickening agent. Compared with the recombined goat milk yogurt without PGWP, the yogurt with 0.50% PGWP had desirable viscosity and low level of syneresis. There was no significant difference in chemical composition and pH between the recombined goat milk yogurt with PGWP and control (without PGWP). Viscosity of all the yogurt samples decreased during the study. There was a slight but not significant decrease in pH during storage. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt samples remained above 106 cfu/g during 8-wk storage. Scanning electron microscopy of the recombined goat milk yogurt with PGWP displayed a compact protein network. Results indicated that PGWP prepared directly from raw milk may be a novel protein-based thickening agent for authentic goat milk yogurt making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; HeiLongJiang FeiHe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Qiaosi Wei
- HeiLongJiang FeiHe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.
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Al-Hashedi AA, Laurenti M, Amine Mezour M, Basiri T, Touazine H, Jahazi M, Tamimi F. Advanced inorganic nanocomposite for decontaminating titanium dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:761-772. [PMID: 30194897 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral hygiene and regular maintenance are crucial for preserving good peri-implant health. However, available prophylaxis products and toothpastes, which are optimized for cleaning teeth, tend to contaminate and abrade implant surfaces due to their organic components and silica microparticles, respectively. This study aims to develop an organic-free implant-paste based on two-dimensional nanocrystalline magnesium phosphate gel and hydrated silica nanoparticles (20-30% w/w) for cleaning oral biofilm on titanium dental implants. The surface chemistry, morphology, and bacterial load of contaminated Ti disks before and after decontamination using prophylaxis brushing with toothpaste and implant-paste were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Both commercial toothpastes and implant-paste remove bacteria, however, only implant-paste protects Ti metal from abrasion and removes organic contaminants. XPS showed a significant decrease of carbon contamination from 73% ± 2 to 20% ± 2 after mechanical brushing with implant-paste compared to 41% ± 11 when brushing with commercial toothpastes (p < 0.05). Fluorescence microscopy revealed that bacteria load on biofilm contaminated Ti (44 × 103 ± 27 × 103 /µm2 ) was significantly reduced with the implant-paste to 2 × 103 ± 1 × 102 /µm2 and with a commercial toothpaste to 2.9 × 103 ± 7·102 /µm2 . This decay is relatively higher than the removal achieved using rotary prophylaxis brush alone (5 × 103 ± 1 × 103 /µm2 , p < 0.05). Accordingly, this novel implant-paste shows a great promise as an efficient decontamination approach. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 761-772, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq A Al-Hashedi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Marco Laurenti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tayebeh Basiri
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heithem Touazine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Jahazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sun W, Sun B, Li Y, Huang X, Fan H, Zhao X, Sun H, Sun W. Thickening Supercritical CO₂ with π-Stacked Co-Polymers: Molecular Insights into the Role of Intermolecular Interaction. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030268. [PMID: 30966303 PMCID: PMC6414866 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinyl Benzoate/Heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate (VBe/HFDA) co-polymers were synthesized and characterized as thickening agents for supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). The solubility and thickening capability of the co-polymer samples in SC-CO₂ were evaluated by measuring cloud point pressure and relative viscosity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for all atoms was employed to simulate the microscopic molecular behavior and the intermolecular interaction of co-polymer⁻CO₂ systems. We found that the introduction of VBe group decreased the polymer⁻CO₂ interaction and increased the polymer⁻polymer interaction, leading to a reduction in solubility of the co-polymers in SC-CO₂. However, the co-polymer could generate more effective inter-chain interaction and generate more viscosity enhancement compared to the Poly(Heptadecafluorodecyl) (PHFDA) homopolymer due to the driving force provided by π-π stacking of the VBe groups. The optimum molar ratio value for VBe in co-polymers for the viscosity enhancement of SC-CO₂ was found to be 0.33 in this work. The P(HFDA0.67-co-VBe0.33) was able to enhance the viscosity of SC-CO₂ by 438 times at 5 wt. %. Less VBe content would result in a lack of intermolecular interaction, although excessive VBe content would generate more intramolecular π-π stacking and less intermolecular π-π stacking. Both conditions reduce the thickening capability of the P(HFDA-co-VBe) co-polymer. This work presented the relationship between structure and performance of the co-polymers in SC-CO₂ by combining experiment and molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Baojiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education of Ministry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xiaonan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Haiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education of Ministry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Wenxia Sun
- Geological Logging Company, Shengli Petroleum Engineering Company, Petroleum Engineering Services Limited Company of China Petrochemical Corporation, Dongying 257100, China.
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