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Dai T, Ban S, Han L, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu W. Effects of exogenous glycine betaine on growth and development of tomato seedlings under cold stress. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1332583. [PMID: 38584954 PMCID: PMC10995342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Low temperature is a type of abiotic stress affecting the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth. Understanding the mechanisms and utilization of exogenous substances underlying plant tolerance to cold stress would lay the foundation for improving temperature resilience in this important crop. Our study is aiming to investigate the effect of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) on tomato seedlings to increase tolerance to low temperatures. By treating tomato seedlings with exogenous GB under low temperature stress, we found that 30 mmol/L exogenous GB can significantly improve the cold tolerance of tomato seedlings. Exogenous GB can influence the enzyme activity of antioxidant defense system and ROS levels in tomato leaves. The seedlings with GB treatment presented higher Fv/Fm value and photochemical activity under cold stress compared with the control. Moreover, analysis of high-throughput plant phenotyping of tomato seedlings also supported that exogenous GB can protect the photosynthetic system of tomato seedlings under cold stress. In addition, we proved that exogenous GB significantly increased the content of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and decreased endogenous gibberellin (GA) levels, which protected tomatoes from low temperatures. Meanwhile, transcriptional analysis showed that GB regulated the expression of genes involved in antioxidant capacity, calcium signaling, photosynthesis activity, energy metabolism-related and low temperature pathway-related genes in tomato plants. In conclusion, our findings indicated that exogenous GB, as a cryoprotectant, can enhance plant tolerance to low temperature by improving the antioxidant system, photosynthetic system, hormone signaling, and cold response pathway and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyu Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Ban
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Technology (Yangtze River Delta), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Information Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Technology (Yangtze River Delta), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Information Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuechen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Technology (Yangtze River Delta), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Information Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Aitouguinane M, El Alaoui-Talibi Z, Rchid H, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, El-Hadj MDO, Boual Z, Le Cerf D, Rihouey C, Gardarin C, Dubessay P, Michaud P, Pierre G, Delattre C, El Modafar C. Elicitor Activity of Low-Molecular-Weight Alginates Obtained by Oxidative Degradation of Alginates Extracted from Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:301. [PMID: 37233495 PMCID: PMC10222107 DOI: 10.3390/md21050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginates extracted from two Moroccan brown seaweeds and their derivatives were investigated for their ability to induce phenolic metabolism in the roots and leaves of tomato seedlings. Sodium alginates (ALSM and ALCM) were extracted from the brown seaweeds Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides, respectively. Low-molecular-weight alginates (OASM and OACM) were obtained after radical hydrolysis of the native alginates. Elicitation was carried out by foliar spraying 20 mL of aqueous solutions (1 g/L) on 45-day-old tomato seedlings. Elicitor capacities were evaluated by monitoring phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, polyphenols, and lignin production in the roots and leaves after 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. The molecular weights (Mw) of the different fractions were 202 kDa for ALSM, 76 kDa for ALCM, 19 kDa for OACM, and 3 kDa for OASM. FTIR analysis revealed that the structures of OACM and OASM did not change after oxidative degradation of the native alginates. These molecules showed their differential capacity to induce natural defenses in tomato seedlings by increasing PAL activity and through the accumulation of polyphenol and lignin content in the leaves and roots. The oxidative alginates (OASM and OACM) exhibited an effective induction of the key enzyme of phenolic metabolism (PAL) compared to the alginate polymers (ALSM and ALCM). These results suggest that low-molecular-weight alginates may be good candidates for stimulating the natural defenses of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aitouguinane
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Halima Rchid
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes Appliquée à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Mohamed Didi Ould El-Hadj
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie BP 511, Université Kasdi Merbah de Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zakaria Boual
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie BP 511, Université Kasdi Merbah de Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Didier Le Cerf
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France; (D.L.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France; (D.L.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Christine Gardarin
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cherkaoui El Modafar
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
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Jia H, Ma P, Huang L, Wang X, Chen C, Liu C, Wei T, Yang J, Guo J, Li J. Hydrogen sulphide regulates the growth of tomato root cells by affecting cell wall biosynthesis under CuO NPs stress. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:627-635. [PMID: 34676641 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) show strong nano-toxic effects on organisms. Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) plays a pivotal role in plant response to abiotic stress. In this study, we examine the crucial role of the cell wall as regulated by H2 S in response to CuO NPs stress. The digestion method was employed to determine Cu content using atomic absorption spectrometry. The TraKine pro-tubulin staining kit was used to investigate the microtubule cytoskeleton using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Cell wall component analysis utilized the ICS-3000 HPLC system. Application of H2 S reduced growth inhibition caused by CuO NPs. Furthermore, most of the CuO NPs accumulates in roots, indicating a low transfer rate, and H2 S significantly decreased CuO NPs content in roots, leaves and stems. Subcellular distribution analysis implied most Cu accumulated in root cell walls, and that H2 S reduced the content of Cu in root cell walls. Cortical microtubules in the plasma membrane, guide cell wall biosynthesis. H2 S obviously alleviated microtubule cytoskeleton disorders caused by CuO NPs. In addition, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and other monosaccharides in root cell walls was reduced by CuO NPs treatment. H2 S enhanced the monosaccharide and polysaccharide contents compared with that after CuO NPs treatment. In conclusion, H2 S regulates cell wall development in response to CuO NPs stress by stabilizing microtubules. H2 S affected Cu distribution and alleviated growth inhibition of tomato seedlings. The research results provide a theoretical basis for further study of nano-toxicity regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - P Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - L Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - X Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - C Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - C Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - T Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - J Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - J Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - J Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Vasseur-Coronado M, Vlassi A, du Boulois HD, Schuhmacher R, Parich A, Pertot I, Puopolo G. Ecological Role of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Pantoea agglomerans as Interspecies and Interkingdom Signals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061186. [PMID: 34072820 PMCID: PMC8229667 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an essential role in microbe–microbe and plant–microbe interactions. We investigated the interaction between two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and their interaction with tomato plants. VOCs produced by Pantoea agglomerans MVC 21 modulates the release of siderophores, the solubilisation of phosphate and potassium by Pseudomonas (Ps.) putida MVC 17. Moreover, VOCs produced by P. agglomerans MVC 21 increased lateral root density (LRD), root and shoot dry weight of tomato seedlings. Among the VOCs released by P. agglomerans MVC 21, only dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) showed effects similar to P. agglomerans MVC 21 VOCs. Because of the effects on plants and bacterial cells, we investigated how P. agglomerans MVC 21 VOCs might influence bacteria–plant interaction. Noteworthy, VOCs produced by P. agglomerans MVC 21 boosted the ability of Ps. putida MVC 17 to increase LRD and root dry weight of tomato seedlings. These results could be explained by the positive effect of DMDS and P. agglomerans MVC 21 VOCs on acid 3-indoleacetic production in Ps. putida MVC 17. Overall, our results clearly indicated that P. agglomerans MVC 21 is able to establish a beneficial interaction with Ps. putida MVC 17 and tomato plants through the emission of DMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasseur-Coronado
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.V.-C.); (I.P.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
- De Ceuster Meststoffen NV (DCM), Bannerlaan 79, 2280 Grobbendonk, Belgium;
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Fortsesteenweg 30A, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Anthi Vlassi
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.V.-C.); (I.P.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.V.-C.); (I.P.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Correspondence:
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He MM, Wang XF, Gu DY, Shi YL, Han HH, Shi QH, Yang FJ, Wei M. [Effects of sodium nitroprusside on growth and physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings under iron deficiency and NO 3- stress]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2017; 28:1246-1254. [PMID: 29741322 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201704.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The solution culture method was used to study the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on plant growth, nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings under iron deficiency and NO3- stress. The results indicated that after 7 d of treatment, iron deficiency inhibited the tomato seedling growth, decreased chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid contents, and led to obvious chlorosis; iron deficiency also reduced the activity of SOD, POD and CAT, resulting in significant accumulation of MDA contents and higher electrolytic leakage; proline and soluble sugar contents were not significantly changed; contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe in both leaves and roots of tomato seedlings were decreased under iron deficiency in varying degrees. The combined stress of NO3- stress and iron deficiency promoted the inhibition of plant growth, decreased chlorophyll (a and b), carotenoid contents and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT; electrolytic leakage MDA, proline and soluble sugar contents of N, P, Mg, Fe in both leaves and roots of tomato seedlings were much lower, but the contents of K and Ca were significantly increased. Compared to the treatment without SNP, adding 0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP could alleviate the growth inhibition of stressed tomato seedlings. Adding 0.1 mmol·L-1 SF (sodium ferrocyanide) also showed alleviating or promoting effect on some above indexes including the activity of SOD, POD and CAT to some degree, but the other physiological indexes were not significantly changed because iron was contained in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming He
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Environment Controlled Agricultural Engineering in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Duan Yin Gu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,Tai'an Agricultural Science Research Institute, Tai'an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Liang Shi
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Hui Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Hua Shi
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Juan Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Environment Controlled Agricultural Engineering in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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He MM, Wang XF, Han HH, Jia HC, Wei M, Shi QH, Yang FJ. [Effects of iron deficiency and NO 3- stress on tomato seedlings growth and iron absorption under suboptimal temperature]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2017; 28:901-910. [PMID: 29741018 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201703.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of iron deficiency and NO3- stress on the growth and the iron absorption cha-racteristic of tomato seedlings were investigated under suboptimal temperature (18 ℃/12 ℃ (day/night)). The results indicated that the growth was significantly inhibited under suboptimal temperature compared with appropriate temperature treatment; the plant heights, leaf areas and dry matter accumulations were markedly decreased. The effects of iron deficiency under suboptimal temperature on the growth of tomato seedlings were larger than that of under appropriate temperature treatments. Under suboptimal temperature, the plant heights of tomato seedlings in iron deficiency and/or NO3- stress treatments were not significantly different from no stress treatment, but leaf areas and leaf chlorophyll content of tomato seedlings were decreased obviously. The leaf electrolytic leakage, root activity and Fe3+ reductase activity of tomato seedlings were markedly increased under suboptimal temperature, but chlorophyll content, total root length, root surface area, root tip number and root volume were obviously reduced. The iron contents in roots, stems and leaves of tomato seedlings were also remarkably decreased. The NO3- stress and the combined stress of iron deficiency and NO3- stress under suboptimal temperature aggravated the reduction of dry matter, leaf electrolytic leakage and the inhibition of iron ion absorption in tomato seedlings. The iron ion absorption showed the antagonistic impact on the absorption of potassium and calcium ion, but showed different effects among different organs. The iron deficiency symptom of tomato seedlings was aggravated by reducing the concentration of iron ion in the nutrient solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming He
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Hui Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Chen Jia
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Hua Shi
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Juan Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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