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Chilton RJ, Silva-Cardoso J. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiovascular translational biology. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2023; 12:e0289. [PMID: 37614245 PMCID: PMC10443768 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in cardiovascular biology and the molecular mechanisms involved in mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism. The data discussed suggest that MRAs can play an important role in decreasing the impact of inflammation and fibrosis on cardiorenal outcomes. Evidence derived from major randomized clinical trials demonstrates that steroidal MRAs reduce mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Initial positive findings observed in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) indicate the possible mechanisms of action of nonsteroidal MRAs, and the clinical benefits for patients with cardiorenal disease and T2D. This article supports the application of basic science concepts to expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action involved in pathophysiology. This approach encourages the development of treatment options before diseases clinically manifest. Video Abstract: http://links.lww.com/CAEN/A42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Chilton
- Department of Medicine, Janey & Dolph Briscoe Division of Cardiology, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - José Silva-Cardoso
- Heart Failure and Transplant Clinic, Cardiology Service, São João University Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Kelly NJ, Chan SY. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Emerging Principles of Precision Medicine across Basic Science to Clinical Practice. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:378. [PMID: 36875282 PMCID: PMC9980296 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2311378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an enigmatic and deadly vascular disease with no known cure. Recent years have seen rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of PAH, with an expanding knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and systems-level drivers of disease that are being translated into novel therapeutic modalities. Simultaneous advances in clinical technology have led to a growing list of tools with potential application to diagnosis and phenotyping. Guided by fundamental biology, these developments hold the potential to usher in a new era of personalized medicine in PAH with broad implications for patient management and great promise for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Kelly
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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3
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Jenczewski E. Moving to and fro between Arabidopsis and its crop relatives confirms the role of chromosome remodelling on meiotic recombination. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2811-2813. [PMID: 33822174 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Cuacos M, Lambing C, Pachon-Penalba M, Osman K, Armstrong SJ, Henderson IR, Sanchez-Moran E, Franklin FCH, Heckmann S. 2021. Meiotic chromosome axis remodelling is critical for meiotic recombination in Brassica rapa. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 3012–3027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jenczewski
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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4
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Lahoti S, Nashawi M, Sheikh O, Massop D, Mir M, Chilton R. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and diabetic retinopathy: insights into preservation of sight and looking beyond. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2021; 10:3-13. [PMID: 33634250 PMCID: PMC7901818 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) were initially developed as therapeutic options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, randomized clinical trials have investigated their effects in cardiorenal protection through major adverse cardiovascular event reduction and reductions in diabetic nephropathy. While multiple mechanisms are proposed for this protection, microvascular protection is the primary component of their efficacy. While not primarily emphasized in clinical trials, evidence in other studies suggests that SGLT2i may confer retinoprotective effects via some of the same mechanisms in the aforementioned cardiorenal trials. Diabetic patients are susceptible to vision loss with chronic hyperglycemia promoting inflammation, edema, and retinal pathological changes. Targeting these pathways via SGLT2i may represent opportunities for providers to decrease retinopathy in high-risk T2DM patients, reduce disease progression, and lower drug burden in diabetic retinopathy patients. Further comprehensive clinical trials investigating these associations are needed to establish the potential retinoprotective effects of SGLT2i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Lahoti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio
| | - Mouhamed Nashawi
- Division of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Omar Sheikh
- Division of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David Massop
- Department of Ophthalmology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio
| | - Mahnoor Mir
- Division of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Chilton
- Division of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Nashawi M, Sheikh O, Mir M, Te T, Chilton R. The systemic implication of novel non-statin therapies in cardiovascular diabetology: PCSK9 as a case model. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2020; 9:143-52. [PMID: 33225229 DOI: 10.1097/XCE.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PCSK9, like other novel non-statin drugs were primarily developed to help patients achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets, especially in patients with dyslipidemia not achieving lipid goals with statins due to poor tolerance or inadequate response. PCSK9 inhibitors, in addition to modulating lipid metabolism, improve mortality outcomes in cardiovascular disease. These benefits are markedly pronounced in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, these benefits do not come without associated risk. Multiple trials, studies, and case reports have attempted to explain observed outcomes with PCSK9 expression and administration of PCSK9 inhibitors from multiple perspectives, such as their effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, changes in renal physiology, thyroid physiology, vascular tone, intestinal regulation of lipids, and improved cardiovascular function. These agents represent an opportunity for physicians to exercise prudence by using appropriate clinical judgement when managing comorbidities in the hyperglycemic patient, a concept that extends to other novel non-statin drugs.
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Silva-Cardoso J, Sheikh O, Nashawi M, Pham S, Gallegos KM, Dinkha LR, Chilton RJ. Cardiorenal protection with SGLT2: Lessons from the cardiovascular outcome trials. J Diabetes 2020; 12:279-293. [PMID: 31688975 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of drugs that were primarily developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, these agents have shown to provide additional beneficial effects. We will discuss three main topics regarding the use of SGLT2 inhibitors: noncardiovascular effects, cardiovascular benefits, and novel clinical indications. Multiple clinical trials and preliminary studies across varying disciplines have shown that these agents exhibit cardiorenal-protective benefits, retinoprotective benefits, and may aid in weight loss without causing marked hypoglycemia. Therefore, these agents represent an avenue in clinical practice to manage comorbid conditions in the hyperglycemic patient. Because of their multifaceted effects and robust action, SGLT2 inhibitors represent therapy options for providers that not only provide beneficial clinical results but also reduce total patient drug burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mouhamed Nashawi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Son Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kelly M Gallegos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laith R Dinkha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert J Chilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Roberts RD, Lizardo MM, Reed DR, Hingorani P, Glover J, Allen-Rhoades W, Fan T, Khanna C, Sweet-Cordero EA, Cash T, Bishop MW, Hegde M, Sertil AR, Koelsche C, Mirabello L, Malkin D, Sorensen PH, Meltzer PS, Janeway KA, Gorlick R, Crompton BD. Provocative questions in osteosarcoma basic and translational biology: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2019; 125:3514-3525. [PMID: 31355930 PMCID: PMC6948723 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients who are diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OS) today receive the same therapy that patients have received over the last 4 decades. Extensive efforts to identify more effective or less toxic regimens have proved disappointing. As we enter a postgenomic era in which we now recognize OS not as a cancer of mutations but as one defined by p53 loss, chromosomal complexity, copy number alteration, and profound heterogeneity, emerging threads of discovery leave many hopeful that an improving understanding of biology will drive discoveries that improve clinical care. Under the organization of the Bone Tumor Biology Committee of the Children's Oncology Group, a team of clinicians and scientists sought to define the state of the science and to identify questions that, if answered, have the greatest potential to drive fundamental clinical advances. Having discussed these questions in a series of meetings, each led by invited experts, we distilled these conversations into a series of seven Provocative Questions. These include questions about the molecular events that trigger oncogenesis, the genomic and epigenomic drivers of disease, the biology of lung metastasis, research models that best predict clinical outcomes, and processes for translating findings into clinical trials. Here, we briefly present each Provocative Question, review the current scientific evidence, note the immediate opportunities, and speculate on the impact that answered questions might have on the field. We do so with an intent to provide a framework around which investigators can build programs and collaborations to tackle the hardest problems and to establish research priorities for those developing policies and providing funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damon R Reed
- Sarcoma Department, Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program and Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Pooja Hingorani
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jason Glover
- Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Program, Randall Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon
| | - Wendy Allen-Rhoades
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Chand Khanna
- Ethos Vet Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery (501c3), Washington, DC
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Cash
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael W Bishop
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aparna R Sertil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Christian Koelsche
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Malkin
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Intra and inter-cellular calcium signaling is present in all types of cells and body tissues. In the human brain, calcium currents and waves are related to mental activities, including emotions. We present a theoretical interpretation of these phenomena suggesting their involvement in chronic emotional patterns and in the pathology of cancer. Recent developments on biophysics, translational biology and psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI) can support explanatory hypotheses about the link between emotional stresses and the origin and development of different types of tumor cells. Chronic stresses may cause perturbations of rhythms of the PNEI system, excessive activation of HPA axis and abnormal activation of calcium signals in somatic tissues, with deleterious effects on different parts of the body. The increasing of calcium signaling inside cells may lead to a deregulation of different pathways and epigenetic systems that promote the production of genomic mutations in a second phase. In particular, the hyperactivation of the transcription nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), if is not counterbalanced by the following activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2 or Nrf2), increases the production of oxidative catabolites, as the advanced glycation end products (AGE), which play a key role in the progression of different types of cancer and other degenerative diseases. Cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) reduces the activity of both NF-κB and Nrf2 inside the cells but inhibits the cellular immunity and the anabolic processes of tissue regeneration. The tissue atrophy and the defective anti-ageing mechanisms promotes the tumoral cells growth and their escape from the immune-surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfredo Pereira
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Brasil. E-mail:
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Zhu M, Monroe JG, Suhail Y, Villiers F, Mullen J, Pater D, Hauser F, Jeon BW, Bader JS, Kwak JM, Schroeder JI, McKay JK, Assmann SM. Molecular and systems approaches towards drought-tolerant canola crops. New Phytol 2016; 210:1169-1189. [PMID: 26879345 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
1169 I. 1170 II. 1170 III. 1172 IV. 1176 V. 1181 VI. 1182 1183 References 1183 SUMMARY: Modern agriculture is facing multiple challenges including the necessity for a substantial increase in production to meet the needs of a burgeoning human population. Water shortage is a deleterious consequence of both population growth and climate change and is one of the most severe factors limiting global crop productivity. Brassica species, particularly canola varieties, are cultivated worldwide for edible oil, animal feed, and biodiesel, and suffer dramatic yield loss upon drought stress. The recent release of the Brassica napus genome supplies essential genetic information to facilitate identification of drought-related genes and provides new information for agricultural improvement in this species. Here we summarize current knowledge regarding drought responses of canola, including physiological and -omics effects of drought. We further discuss knowledge gained through translational biology based on discoveries in the closely related reference species Arabidopsis thaliana and through genetic strategies such as genome-wide association studies and analysis of natural variation. Knowledge of drought tolerance/resistance responses in canola together with research outcomes arising from new technologies and methodologies will inform novel strategies for improvement of drought tolerance and yield in this and other important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - J Grey Monroe
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yasir Suhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Florent Villiers
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jack Mullen
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dianne Pater
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joel S Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - June M Kwak
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - John K McKay
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Tohge T, Mettler T, Arrivault S, Carroll AJ, Stitt M, Fernie AR. From models to crop species: caveats and solutions for translational metabolomics. Front Plant Sci 2011; 2:61. [PMID: 22639601 PMCID: PMC3355600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although plant metabolomics is largely carried out on Arabidopsis it is essentially genome-independent, and thus potentially applicable to a wide range of species. However, transfer between species, or even between different tissues of the same species, is not facile. This is because the reliability of protocols for harvesting, handling and analysis depends on the biological features and chemical composition of the plant tissue. In parallel with the diversification of model species it is important to establish good handling and analytic practice, in order to augment computational comparisons between tissues and species. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics is one of the powerful approaches for metabolite profiling. By using a combination of different extraction methods, separation columns, and ion detection, a very wide range of metabolites can be analyzed. However, its application requires careful attention to exclude potential pitfalls, including artifactual changes in metabolite levels during sample preparation under variations of light or temperature and analytic errors due to ion suppression. Here we provide case studies with two different LC-MS-based metabolomics platforms and four species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa) that illustrate how such dangers can be detected and circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Takayuki Tohge, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany. e-mail:
| | - Tabea Mettler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Adam James Carroll
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-Golm, Germany
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