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Adebiyi EO, Eletta RY, Ogedengbe W, Kolade-Ernest OJ, Hunter J. A Descriptive Analysis of Febrile Seizure Hospitalizations in Children with Congenital Heart Disease in the United States. Cureus 2023; 15:e44128. [PMID: 37750122 PMCID: PMC10518235 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common convulsive disorder in children. This study analyzed the national proportion of congenital heart disease (CHD) and hospital resource utilization among children admitted for FSs in the U.S. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of pediatric patients up to six years with a primary diagnosis of FS in 2016 and 2019 using the Kids Inpatient Database (KID). The demographic, hospital, and clinical characteristics of children with and without CHD were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and linear regressions for continuous variables. Multivariate logistic analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of CHD on the mean length of hospital stay. RESULTS An estimated 10,039 children were admitted with the primary diagnosis of FS. Out of these, 117 (1.2%) had a discharge diagnosis of CHD. The mean age for children with and without CHD was 1.4 years (SD 1.60) and 1.5 years (SD 1.501), respectively. Children with CHD who required hospitalization for FS had longer mean lengths of hospital stay (2.1 days vs. 1.6 days), with an adjusted odd ratio of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.07-0.99; p-value: 0.017). Similarly, the hospital charges for children with CHD were higher than those without CHD ($30,960.28 vs. $21,005.11). CONCLUSION Children with CHD who required inpatient admission for FSs in the U.S. were associated with increased length of hospital stay and higher resource utilization when compared with those without CHD. This highlights the need for preventive measures among this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer O Adebiyi
- Pediatric Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA
| | - Ruth Y Eletta
- Pediatrics, Woodhull Medical Center, New Jersey, USA
| | - William Ogedengbe
- Medicine and Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, NGA
| | - Oreoluwa J Kolade-Ernest
- Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, USA
| | - Juanita Hunter
- Pediatric Cardiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, USA
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2
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Rao A, Agrawal A, Chatterjee T. Mortality and Outcomes in Cerebrovascular Disease Patients With Emphasis on COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2020. Cureus 2023; 15:e42806. [PMID: 37664268 PMCID: PMC10470478 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19-related pulmonary complications have been explored extensively in the recent past. There is also a significant amount of literature on the neurological manifestations of COVID-19. However, there exists an unmet need to assess the impact of COVID-19 on patients with cerebrovascular diseases and its role in affecting mortality in such patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 401,318 hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular diseases using the discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample 2020 to assess the association of COVID-19 with multiple clinical conditions, along with additional factors, such as length of stay in the hospital, total charges incurred, region and type of hospital, and primary insurance/payer in the United States of America. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to predict factors relating to mortality in such patients. Results The mortality during hospitalization in patients with cerebrovascular disease who were also diagnosed with COVID-19 was significantly higher than the patients without COVID-19 (22.50% vs 5.44%, p-value <0.0001). COVID-19 independently increased the odds of death significantly in patients with cerebrovascular diseases (adjusted OR = 4.81, p-value <0.0001). Other statistically and clinically significant factors that contributed to increased odds of mortality in such patients were comorbidities such as moderate/severe liver disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and complications such as the development of a saddle pulmonary embolus. Conclusion COVID-19 was associated with higher mortality in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. It also significantly increased the duration of hospital stay and odds of mortality in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adishwar Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - Akriti Agrawal
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, USA
| | - Trisha Chatterjee
- Department of General Medicine, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur, IND
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Omenuko NJ, Tafesse Y, Magacha HM, Nriagu VC, Anazor SO, Nwaneki CM, Okeke F, Ezeano C, Jideofor C. Racial Disparities In In-Hospital Mortality of Children and Adolescents Under 20 Years With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2023; 15:e43999. [PMID: 37746475 PMCID: PMC10517728 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, racial disparities in health outcomes continue to be a major problem with far-reaching effects on equity in healthcare and public health. Children and teenagers with type 1 diabetes are a disadvantaged demographic that has particular difficulties in managing their condition and getting access to healthcare. Despite improvements in the treatment of diabetes, little study has examined how much racial disparities in in-hospital mortality affect this particular demographic. By examining racial differences in in-hospital mortality rates among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the United States, this study seeks to close this gap. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) for 2012. The KID is a nationally representative sample of pediatric discharges from US hospitals. A total of 20,107 patients who were admitted with type 1 diabetes were included in this study. The primary outcome was the patient's in-hospital mortality status. The primary predictor variable was the race of the patient. Six potential confounders were chosen based on previous literature: age, sex, hospital location, obesity, weight loss, electrolyte disorders status, and median household income. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were done. Multivariate analysis was conducted while controlling for potential confounders. Odd ratios with a 95% confidence interval and probability value were reported. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 20,107 patients were included in this study. Of the patients included, 78.6%, 5.3%, 5.9%, and 10.2% were of age groups <4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-18, respectively. Among the patients, 64.3% were female. Whites stood at 54.3%, while Hispanic, Black, and other races accounted for 17.2%, 21.8%, and 6.7% respectively. After adjusting for all other variables, children, and young adults of Asian and Pacific Islanders (OR=1.948; 95% CI 1.015,3.738) had 94% higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared to their White counterparts. Children and young adults aged 5-9 (OR=0.29; 95% CI 0.13,0.649) had 71% lower odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those aged 4 or under. Those aged 10-14 (OR=0.155; 95% CI 0.077,0.313) had 85% lower odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those aged 4 or under, while those aged 15-19 (OR=0.172; 95% CI 0.100,0.296) had 83% lower odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those aged 4 or under. Children and young adults who had weight loss (OR=4.474; 95% CI 2.557,7.826) had almost five times higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those without weight loss, while children and young adults who had electrolyte disorders (OR=5.131; 95% CI 3.429,7.679) had five times higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those without electrolyte disorders. CONCLUSION The results show young adults of Asian and Pacific Islanders have higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared to their White counterparts and this study highlights the urgent need for focused measures designed to lessen these inequalities and enhance health equity. The implementation of culturally sensitive healthcare practices, addressing social determinants of health, and enhancing access to high-quality diabetes care should all be priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi J Omenuko
- Hematology and Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yordanos Tafesse
- Hematology and Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Hezborn M Magacha
- Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Valentine C Nriagu
- Epidemiology and Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
- Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sandra O Anazor
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health West/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
- Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Chisom M Nwaneki
- Internal Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Francis Okeke
- Epidemiology and Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Chimezirim Ezeano
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
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Telese R, Vogel AD, Azam MT, Dickinson PG, Zakala A, Heersink JT. Reducing Maternal Mortality Rates in Alabama Through Patient Education: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43172. [PMID: 37692638 PMCID: PMC10484635 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal mortality continues to rise in the United States and disproportionately affects those in Alabama. Lack of patient education on warning signs is a preventable cause of maternal mortality. This article aims to systematically quantify existing research investigating the effect of patient education on maternal outcomes. The inclusion criteria required an article to be (a) original research, (b) conducted within the United States, (c) in English, and (d) published between January 2012 and September 2022. PubMed® and Embase® databases were searched using key words and filters. Rayyan®, a systematic review research tool, was utilized to assess articles in a blinded two-person review process. A blinded third researcher resolved conflicts. A total of 3,139 articles were compiled; 3,115 articles did not meet inclusion criteria, and 24 articles were retrieved after an abstract review. Ultimately, 11 articles were included after a full-text review. None of these articles were specific to Alabama. However, they did contain evidence for patient education improving maternal mortality. More research is required in Alabama to demonstrate the effect of educating patients on maternal mortality. These articles contain evidence for education as a tool to improve maternal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Telese
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Andrew D Vogel
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Mohammed T Azam
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Zakala
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
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Martins TF, Pinter A. Human parasitism by the exotic tick Dermacentor variabilis (Parasitiformes: Ixodida) in Brazil: report of an imported case. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2022; 31:e017121. [PMID: 35019026 PMCID: PMC9901861 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In June 2012, a tick was found parasitizing a man in the city of São Paulo, who had recently returned from a visit to Pennsylvania, in the northeast of the United States. The tick was removed and sent to the São Paulo State Department of Health, where it was identified as a male of the species Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821), according to the literature and taxonomic keys. The tick was subjected to a PCR test to search for rickettsiae, but the result was negative. The fact that a human entered Brazilian territory unaware that he was parasitized by a hard tick not belonging to the national tick fauna is significant because of the possibility that an exotic species could be introduced and take hold in this country. Another major risk to public health is that this arthropod could be infected with the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, as this ectoparasite is the main vector of Spotted Fever on the East Coast of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Fernandes Martins
- Departamento de Laboratórios Especializados, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriano Pinter
- Departamento de Laboratórios Especializados, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Davies L, Halewood A, Jenkinson E. The Construction of "Self" in Individuals With Congenital Facial Palsy. Qual Health Res 2021; 31:1019-1028. [PMID: 33430718 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320983789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Congenital facial palsy is a rare medical condition that causes paralysis of the facial muscles, lack of facial expression, and an unusual appearance. Findings from developmental psychology suggest that the face plays a central role in the construction of self. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 adults born with congenital facial palsy. Participant's constructions of self across the life span were explored and a grounded theory of this process was constructed. Theoretical sampling was conducted with two parents of children born with the condition. All participants reported "struggling to make connections," "experiencing invalidation," and "struggling to regulate affect," which lead to "constructing a defective sense of self." Alternatively, "making validating connections" facilitated the process of "constructing a validated sense of self." This study provides insight into the unique social and emotional challenges often experienced by those born with congenital facial palsy and highlights the need for early psychosocial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Davies
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Brynmair Clinic, Llanelli, United Kingdom
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Duncan DT, Regan SD, Shelley D, Day K, Ruff RR, Al-Bayan M, Elbel B. Application of global positioning system methods for the study of obesity and hypertension risk among low-income housing residents in New York City: a spatial feasibility study. Geospat Health 2014; 9:57-70. [PMID: 25545926 PMCID: PMC4767499 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using global positioning system (GPS) methods to understand the spatial context of obesity and hypertension risk among a sample of low-income housing residents in New York City (n = 120). GPS feasibility among participants was measured with a pre- and post-survey as well as adherence to a protocol which included returning the GPS device as well as objective data analysed from the GPS devices. We also conducted qualitative interviews with 21 of the participants. Most of the sample was overweight (26.7%) or obese (40.0%). Almost one-third (30.8%) was pre-hypertensive and 39.2% was hypertensive. Participants reported high ratings of GPS acceptability, ease of use and low levels of wear-related concerns in addition to few concerns related to safety, loss or appearance, which were maintained after the baseline GPS feasibility data collection. Results show that GPS feasibility increased over time. The overall GPS return rate was 95.6%. Out of the total of 114 participants with GPS, 112 (98.2%) delivered at least one hour of GPS data for one day and 84 (73.7%) delivered at least one hour on 7 or more days. The qualitative interviews indicated that overall, participants enjoyed wearing the GPS devices, that they were easy to use and charge and that they generally forgot about the GPS device when wearing it daily. Findings demonstrate that GPS devices may be used in spatial epidemiology research in low-income and potentially other key vulnerable populations to understand geospatial determinants of obesity, hypertension and other diseases that these populations disproportionately experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T. Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
- Population Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Seann D. Regan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Donna Shelley
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Day
- Department of Technology, Culture and Society, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York, USA
- Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Ryan R. Ruff
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Maliyhah Al-Bayan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, USA
- Population Center, New York University, New York, USA
- Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, USA
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Huber RS, Kim N, Renshaw CE, Renshaw PF, Kondo DG. Relationship between altitude and lithium in groundwater in the United States of America: results of a 1992-2003 study. Geospat Health 2014; 9:231-235. [PMID: 25545940 PMCID: PMC4699300 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic dosages of lithium are known to reduce suicide rates, which has led to investigations of confounding environmental risk factors for suicide such as lithium in groundwater. It has been speculated that this might play a role in the potential relationship between suicide and altitude. A recent study in Austria involving geospatial analysis of lithium in groundwater and suicide found lower levels of lithium at higher altitudes. Since there is no reason to suspect this correlation is universal given variation in geology, the current study set out to investigate the relationship between altitude and lithium in groundwater in the United States of America (USA). The study utilised data extracted from the National Water-Quality Assessment programme implemented by the United States Geological Survey that has collected 5,183 samples from 48 study areas in USA for the period of 1992 to 2003. Lithium was the trace-element of interest and 518 samples were used in the current analyses. Due to uneven lithium sampling within the country, only the states (n=15) with the highest number of lithium samples were included. Federal information processing standard codes were used to match data by county with the mean county altitude calculated using altitude data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. The study was controlled for potential confounding factors known to affect levels of lithium in groundwater including aquifer, aquifer type, lithology, water level and the depths of wells. The levels of lithium in groundwater, increased with altitude (R(2) = 0.226, P <0.001) during the study period. These findings differ from the Austrian study and suggest a need for further research accounting also for the impact of geographical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namkug Kim
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Deparment of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carl E. Renshaw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
- VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Douglas G. Kondo
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
- VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, USA
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Oreskovic NM, Blossom J, Robinson AI, Chen ML, Uscanga DK, Mendoza JA. The influence of the built environment on outcomes from a "walking school bus study": a cross-sectional analysis using geographical information systems. Geospat Health 2014; 9:37-44. [PMID: 25545924 PMCID: PMC4296597 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Active commuting to school increases children's daily physical activity. The built environment is associated with children's physical activity levels in cross-sectional studies. This study examined the role of the built environment on the outcomes of a "walking school bus" study. Geographical information systems was used to map out and compare the built environments around schools participating in a pilot walking school bus randomised controlled trial, as well as along school routes. Multi-level modelling was used to determine the built environment attributes associated with the outcomes of active commuting to school and accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA). There were no differences in the surrounding built environments of control (n = 4) and intervention (n = 4) schools participating in the walking school bus study. Among school walking routes, park space was inversely associated with active commuting to school (β = -0.008, SE = 0.004, P = 0.03), while mixed-land use was positively associated with daily MPVA (β = 60.0, SE = 24.3, P = 0.02). There was effect modification such that high traffic volume and high street connectivity were associated with greater moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The results of this study suggest that the built environment may play a role in active school commuting outcomes and daily physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Oreskovic
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jeff Blossom
- Harvard Center for Geographic Analysis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Alyssa I. Robinson
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Minghua L. Chen
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Doris K. Uscanga
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, USA
| | - Jason A. Mendoza
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Sonderman JS, Mumma MT, Cohen SS, Cope EL, Blot WJ, Signorello LB. A multi-stage approach to maximizing geocoding success in a large population-based cohort study through automated and interactive processes. Geospat Health 2012; 6:273-284. [PMID: 22639129 PMCID: PMC3683076 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To enable spatial analyses within a large, prospective cohort study of nearly 86,000 adults enrolled in a 12-state area in the southeastern United States of America from 2002-2009, a multi-stage geocoding protocol was developed to efficiently maximize the proportion of participants assigned an address level geographic coordinate. Addresses were parsed, cleaned and standardized before applying a combination of automated and interactive geocoding tools. Our full protocol increased the non-Post Office (PO) Box match rate from 74.5% to 97.6%. Overall, we geocoded 99.96% of participant addresses, with only 5.2% at the ZIP code centroid level (2.8% PO Box and 2.3% non-PO Box addresses). One key to reducing the need for interactive geocoding was the use of multiple base maps. Still, addresses in areas with population density <44 persons/km2 were much more likely to require resource-intensive interactive geocoding than those in areas with >920 persons/km2 (odds ratio (OR) = 5.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.23, 6.49), as were addresses collected from participants during in-person interviews compared with mailed questionnaires (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.59, 2.11). This study demonstrates that population density and address ascertainment method can influence automated geocoding results and that high success in address level geocoding is achievable for large-scale studies covering wide geographical areas.
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Trevelyan B, Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD. The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910-1971. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 2005; 95:269-293. [PMID: 16741562 PMCID: PMC1473032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article seeks to advance an understanding of the spatial dynamics of one of the great emergent viral diseases of the twentieth century-poliomyelitis. From an apparently rare clinical condition occurring only sporadically or in small outbreaks before the late nineteenth century, poliomyelitis had, by the early 1950s, developed into a globally distributed epidemic disease. But, from 1955, continued growth was suddenly and dramatically reversed by the mass administration of inactivated (killed) and live (attenuated) poliovirus vaccines. After almost half a century of vaccine control, the world now stands on the brink of the global eradication of the disease. Against this background, the article draws upon information included in the U.S. Public Health Service's Public Health Reports and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to examine the spatial dynamics of poliomyelitis during the phases of epidemic emergence (1910-1955) and vaccine-induced retreat (1955-1971) in the United States. It is shown that epidemic emergence was accompanied by shifts in the spatial center of activity from early diffusion poles in the northeastern states, to the western seaboard, and then finally to cover all the states of the Union. This was accompanied by accelerating epidemic propagation. The introduction of mass vaccination from the mid-1950s realigned spatial transmission of the disease, producing increased spatial volatility in the geographical center of activity and heightened dependence of epidemic outbreaks upon endemic reservoirs in the most populous states. Finally, the empirical results are generalized to suggest that the emergence and reemergence of many infectious diseases is a distinctively geographical process.
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