1
|
Avendaño-Herrera R, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Echeverría-Bugueño M, Irgang R. In vitro phenotypic evidence for the utilization of iron from different sources and siderophores production in the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1001-1012. [PMID: 37309564 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron uptake during infection is an essential pathogenicity factor of several bacteria, including Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, an emerging pathogen for salmonid and red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) farms in Chile. Iron-related protein families were recently found in eight T. dicentrarchi genomes, but biological studies have not yet confirmed functions. The investigation reported herein clearly demonstrated for the first time that T. dicentrarchi possesses different systems for iron acquisition-one involving the synthesis of siderophores and another allowing for the utilization of heme groups. Using 38 isolates of T. dicentrarchi and the type strain CECT 7612T , all strains grew in the presence of the chelating agent 2.2'-dipyridyl (from 50 to 150 μM) and produced siderophores on chrome azurol S plates. Furthermore, 37 of the 38 T. dicentrarchi isolates used at least four of the five iron sources (i.e. ammonium iron citrate, ferrous sulfate, iron chloride hexahydrate, haemoglobin and/or hemin) when added to iron-deficient media, although the cell yield was less when using hemin. Twelve isolates grew in the presence of hemin, and 10 of them used only 100 μM. Under iron-supplemented or iron-restricted conditions, whole cells of three isolates and the type strain showed at least one membrane protein induced in iron-limiting conditions (c.a. 37.9 kDa), regardless of the isolation host. All phenotypic results were confirmed by in-silico genomic T. dicentrarchi analysis. Future studies will aim to establish a relationship between iron uptake ability and virulence in T. dicentrarchi through in vivo assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Wang J, Kuan TA, Tang B, Feng L, Wang J, Cheng Z, Skłenar J, Derbyshire P, Hulin M, Li Y, Zhai Y, Hou Y, Menke FLH, Wang Y, Ma W. Pathogen protein modularity enables elaborate mimicry of a host phosphatase. Cell 2023:S0092-8674(23)00640-2. [PMID: 37369204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens produce diverse effector proteins to manipulate host cellular processes. However, how functional diversity is generated in an effector repertoire is poorly understood. Many effectors in the devastating plant pathogen Phytophthora contain tandem repeats of the "(L)WY" motif, which are structurally conserved but variable in sequences. Here, we discovered a functional module formed by a specific (L)WY-LWY combination in multiple Phytophthora effectors, which efficiently recruits the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) core enzyme in plant hosts. Crystal structure of an effector-PP2A complex shows that the (L)WY-LWY module enables hijacking of the host PP2A core enzyme to form functional holoenzymes. While sharing the PP2A-interacting module at the amino terminus, these effectors possess divergent C-terminal LWY units and regulate distinct sets of phosphoproteins in the host. Our results highlight the appropriation of an essential host phosphatase through molecular mimicry by pathogens and diversification promoted by protein modularity in an effector repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tung Ariel Kuan
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Li Feng
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jiuyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michelle Hulin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yi Zhai
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Bossier P, Das BK. Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND): Virulence, Pathogenesis and Mitigation Strategies in Shrimp Aquaculture. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:524. [PMID: 34437395 PMCID: PMC8402356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to ~60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and V. campbellii from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing Vibrio spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Suvra Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hwang IS, Lee HM, Oh E, Lee S, Heu S, Oh C. Plasmid composition and the chpG gene determine the virulence level of Clavibacter capsici natural isolates in pepper. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:808-819. [PMID: 32196887 PMCID: PMC7214350 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterial species Clavibacter capsici causes necrosis and canker in pepper plants. Genomic and functional analyses of C. capsici type strain PF008 have shown that multiple virulence genes exist in its two plasmids. We aimed to identify the key determinants that control the virulence of C. capsici. Pepper leaves inoculated with 54 natural isolates exhibited significant variation in the necrosis. Six isolates showed very low virulence, but their population titres in plants were not significantly different from those of the highly virulent isolates. All six isolates lacked the pCM1Cc plasmid that carries chpG, which has been shown to be required for virulence and encodes a putative serine protease, but two of them, isolates 1,106 and 1,207, had the intact chpG elsewhere in the genome. Genomic analysis of these two isolates revealed that chpG was located in the pCM2Cc plasmid, and two highly homologous regions were present next to the chpG locus. The chpG expression in isolate 1,106 was not induced in plants. Introduction of chpG of the PF008 strain into the six low-virulence isolates restored their virulence to that of PF008. Our findings indicate that there are at least three different variant groups of C. capsici and that the plasmid composition and the chpG gene are critical for determining the virulence level. Moreover, our findings also indicate that the virulence level of C. capsici does not directly correlate with bacterial titres in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesKyung Hee UniversityYonginSouth Korea
| | - Hyo Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesKyung Hee UniversityYonginSouth Korea
| | - Eom‐Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesKyung Hee UniversityYonginSouth Korea
| | - Seungdon Lee
- Planning and Coordination DivisionNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuSouth Korea
| | - Sunggi Heu
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research DivisionNational Institute of Crop ScienceRural Development AdministrationSuwonSouth Korea
| | - Chang‐Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesKyung Hee UniversityYonginSouth Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tseytin I, Mitrovic B, David N, Langenfeld K, Zarivach R, Diepold A, Sal-Man N. The Role of the Small Export Apparatus Protein, SctS, in the Activity of the Type III Secretion System. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2551. [PMID: 31798543 PMCID: PMC6863770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many gram-negative pathogens utilize a protein complex, termed the type III secretion system (T3SS), to inject virulence factors from their cytoplasm directly into the host cell. An export apparatus that is formed by five putative integral membrane proteins (SctR/S/T/U/V), resides at the center of the T3SS complex. In this study, we characterized the smallest export apparatus protein, SctS, which contains two putative transmembrane domains (PTMD) that dynamically extract from the inner membrane and adopt a helix-turn-helix structure upon assembly of the T3SS. Replacement of each SctS PTMD with an alternative hydrophobic sequence resulted in abolishment of the T3SS activity, yet SctS self- and hetero-interactions as well as the overall assembly of the T3SS complex were unaffected. Our findings suggest that SctS PTMDs are not crucial for the interactions or the assembly of the T3SS base complex but rather that they are involved in adjusting the orientation of the export apparatus relative to additional T3SS sub-structures, such as the cytoplasmic- and the inner-membrane rings. This ensures the fittings between the dynamic and static components of the T3SS and supports the functionality of the T3SS complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irit Tseytin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Bosko Mitrovic
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Nofar David
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Katja Langenfeld
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Andreas Diepold
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Neta Sal-Man
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ying X, Wan M, Hu L, Zhang J, Li H, Lv D. Identification of the Virulence Factors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus via Heterologous Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5575. [PMID: 31717281 PMCID: PMC6888081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with the non-culturable bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in the United States. The virulence mechanism of CaLas is largely unknown, partly because of the lack of a mutant library. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) were used for large-scale screening of the virulence factors of CaLas. Agroinfiltration of 60 putative virulence factors in N. benthamiana led to the identification of four candidates that caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, such as growth inhibition and cell death. CLIBASIA_05150 and CLIBASIA_04065C (C-terminal of CLIBASIA_04065) could cause cell death in the infiltrated leaves at five days post infiltration. Two low-molecular-weight candidates, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, could inhibit plant growth. By converting start codon to stop codon or frameshifting, the four genes lost their harmful effects to N. benthamiana. It indicated that the four virulence factors functioned at the protein level rather than at the RNA level. The subcellular localization of the four candidates was determined by confocal laser scanning microscope. CLIBASIA_05150 located in the Golgi apparatus; CLIBASIA_04065 located in the mitochondrion; CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 distributed in cells as free GFP. The host proteins interacting with the four virulence factors were identified by yeast two-hybrid. The host proteins interacting with CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 were overlapping. Based on the phenotypes, the subcellular localization and the host proteins identified by yeast two-hybrid, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, functioned redundantly. The hypothesis of CaLas virulence was proposed. CaLas affects citrus development and suppresses citrus disease resistance, comprehensively, in a complicated manner. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might play a vital role in CaLas virulence. Deep characterization of the interactions between the identified virulence factors and their prey will shed light on HLB. Eventually, it will help in developing HLB-resistant citrus and save the endangered citrus industry worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Ying
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA;
| | - Mengyuan Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Linshuang Hu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hui Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Dianqiu Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Avendaño-Herrera R, Arias-Muñoz E, Rojas V, Toranzo AE, Poblete-Morales M, Córdova C, Irgang R. Evidence for the facultative intracellular behaviour of the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1447-1455. [PMID: 31418903 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii is an extracellular, Gram-negative bacterium that produces vibriosis in salmonids. While pathogenesis is not fully understood, this bacterium has numerous likely genes for adhesion, colonization, invasion factors and, as recently suggested, intracellular behaviour. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify possible intracellular behaviour for V. ordalii Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T in the fish-cell lines SHK-1 and CHSE-214. Confocal microscopy revealed Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T inside cytoplasm in both fish-cell lines at 4 hr post-inoculation (hpi). At 8 and 16 hpi, the proportion of fish cells invaded by both strains increased. Moreover, intracellular V. ordalii were observed after 8 hpi inside mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), demonstrating that entry was not due to a cellular phagocytosis process. Flow cytometry confirmed immunocytochemistry results, with both V. ordalii evidencing statistically significant differences in the number of infected cells between 8 and 16 hpi. Interestingly, V. ordalii infection did not significantly damage fish cells, as determined by LDH liberation. Viable counts at 8 hpi detected, on average for both lines, 176 ± 47 CFU/ml of culturable intracellular Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T cells. These in vitro findings support the facultative intracellular behaviour of V. ordalii and may be of importance for understanding pathogenicity and survival in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eloisa Arias-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alicia E Toranzo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología e Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Córdova
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela Medicina Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes Q fever, a human infection with the ability to cause chronic disease with potentially life-threatening outcomes. In humans, Coxiella infects alveolar macrophages where it replicates to high numbers in a unique, pathogen-directed lysosome-derived vacuole. This compartment, termed the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV), has a low internal pH and contains markers both of lysosomes and autophagosomes. The CCV membrane is also enriched with CLTC (clathrin heavy chain) and this contributes to the success of the CCV. Here, we describe a role for CLTC, a scaffolding protein of clathrin-coated vesicles, in facilitating the fusion of autophagosomes with the CCV. During gene silencing of CLTC, CCVs are unable to fuse with each other, a phenotype also seen when silencing genes involved in macroautophagy/autophagy. MAP1LC3B/LC3B, which is normally observed inside the CCV, is excluded from CCVs in the absence of CLTC. Additionally, this study demonstrates that autophagosome fusion contributes to CCV size as cell starvation and subsequent autophagy induction leads to further CCV expansion. This is CLTC dependent, as the absence of CLTC renders autophagosomes no longer able to contribute to the expansion of the CCV. This investigation provides a functional link between CLTC and autophagy in the context of Coxiella infection and highlights the CCV as an important tool to explore the interactions between these vesicular trafficking pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Latomanski
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Kim D, Oh CS. Multiple plasmid-borne virulence genes of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. capsici critical for disease development in pepper. New Phytol 2018; 217:1177-1189. [PMID: 29134663 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. capsici is a Gram-positive plant-pathogenic bacterium causing bacterial canker disease in pepper. Virulence genes and mechanisms of C. michiganensis ssp. capsici in pepper have not yet been studied. To identify virulence genes of C. michiganensis ssp. capsici, comparative genome analyses with C. michiganensis ssp. capsici and its related C. michiganensis subspecies, and functional analysis of its putative virulence genes during infection were performed. The C. michiganensis ssp. capsici type strain PF008 carries one chromosome (3.056 Mb) and two plasmids (39 kb pCM1Cmc and 145 kb pCM2Cmc ). The genome analyses showed that this bacterium lacks a chromosomal pathogenicity island and celA gene that are important for disease development by C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in tomato, but carries most putative virulence genes in both plasmids. Virulence of pCM1Cmc -cured C. michiganensis ssp. capsici was greatly reduced compared with the wild-type strain in pepper. The complementation analysis with pCM1Cmc -located putative virulence genes showed that at least five genes, chpE, chpG, ppaA1, ppaB1 and pelA1, encoding serine proteases or pectate lyase contribute to disease development in pepper. In conclusion, C. michiganensis ssp. capsici has a unique genome structure, and its multiple plasmid-borne genes play critical roles in virulence in pepper, either separately or together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sze KH, Lam WH, Zhang H, Ke YH, Tse MK, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lau CCY, Cai JP, Tung ETK, Lo RKC, Xu S, Kao RYT, Hao Q, Yuen KY. Talaromyces marneffei Mp1p Is a Virulence Factor that Binds and Sequesters a Key Proinflammatory Lipid to Dampen Host Innate Immune Response. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:182-94. [PMID: 28111099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is one of the leading causes of systemic mycosis in immunosuppressed or AIDS patients in Southeast Asia. How this intracellular pathogen evades the host immune defense remains unclear. We provide evidence that T. marneffei depletes levels of a key proinflammatory lipid mediator arachidonic acid (AA) to evade the host innate immune defense. Mechanistically, an abundant secretory mannoprotein Mp1p, shown previously to be a virulence factor, does so by binding AA with high affinity via a long hydrophobic central cavity found in the LBD2 domain. This sequesters a critical proinflammatory signaling lipid, and we see evidence that AA, AA's downstream metabolites, and the cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α are downregulated in T. marneffei-infected J774 macrophages. Given that Mp1p-LBD2 homologs are identified in other fungal pathogens, we expect that this novel class of fatty-acid-binding proteins sequestering key proinflammatory lipid mediators represents a general virulence mechanism of pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The link between oral infections and adverse systemic conditions has attracted much attention in the research community. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including spread of the oral infection due to transient bacteremia resulting in bacterial colonization in extra-oral sites, systemic injury by free toxins of oral pathogens, and systemic inflammation caused by soluble antigens of oral pathogens. Mounting evidence supports a major role of the systemic spread of oral commensals and pathogens to distant body sites causing extra-oral infections and inflammation. We review here the most recent findings on systemic infections and inflammation complicated by oral bacteria, including cardiovascular disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, respiratory tract infections, and organ inflammations and abscesses. The recently identified virulence mechanisms of oral species Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Campylobacter rectus are also reviewed. A pattern emerges indicating that only select subtype(s) of a given species, e.g., F. nucleatum subspecies animalis and polymorphum and S. mutans non-c serotypes, are prone to extra-oral translocation. These findings advocate the importance of identification and quantification of potential pathogens at the subtype levels for accurate prediction of disease potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y W Han
- Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
González PA, Prado CE, Leiva ED, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Respiratory syncytial virus impairs T cell activation by preventing synapse assembly with dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14999-5004. [PMID: 18818306 PMCID: PMC2567482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802555105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the leading causes of infant hospitalization and a major health and economic burden worldwide. Infection with this virus induces an exacerbated innate proinflammatory immune response characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration into the airways and lung tissue damage. RSV also impairs the induction of an adequate adaptive T cell immune response, which favors virus pathogenesis. Unfortunately, to date there are no efficient vaccines against this virus. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that RSV infection can prevent T cell activation, a phenomenon attributed in part to cytokines and chemokines secreted by RSV-infected cells. Efficient immunity against viruses is promoted by dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells, that prime antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, it would be to the advantage of RSV to impair DC function and prevent the induction of T cell immunity. Here, we show that, although RSV infection induces maturation of murine DCs, these cells are rendered unable to activate antigen-specific T cells. Inhibition of T cell activation by RSV was observed independently of the type of TCR ligand on the DC surface and applied to cognate-, allo-, and superantigen stimulation. As a result of exposure to RSV-infected DCs, T cells became unresponsive to subsequent TCR engagement. RSV-mediated impairment in T cell activation required DC-T cell contact and involved inhibition of immunological synapse assembly among these cells. Our data suggest that impairment of immunological synapse could contribute to RSV pathogenesis by evading adaptive immunity and reducing T cell-mediated virus clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. González
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Carolina E. Prado
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Eduardo D. Leiva
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
- Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile; and
| |
Collapse
|