[The immunological and molecular diagnostics of respiratory tract infections]

Diagnostic strategies in upper and lower respiratory tract infections include conventional procedures and the new molecular tools. Serology plays a role in certain viral and atypical infections of lower respiratory track but is not reliable in small children and in immunocompromised subjects. Antigen detection can be also carried out. If a potential pathogen is non detectable by simply assay or in severe or complicated lower respiratory tract infections, the use of molecular tools is highly indicated.

[Atypical bacteria in respiratory tract infections --pathogenesis and diagnosis]

Atypical bacteria, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumonia and Legionella pneumophila play significant role in respiratory tract infections and account for 40% of all cases of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). These organisms also commonly occur as co-pathogens in mixed infections with mortality rates as high as 25%. The biological mechanisms and diagnosis of atypical infections is presented in this study.

[Upper respiratory tract infections in children caused by atypical bacteria]

It encounters despite solid progress in development of diagnostic methods diagnostics the diseases of upper respiratory tract and ears in children called out by atypical bacteria's on the ground clinical symptoms and their treatment is difficulty still.

AIM

The performance of accessible review of current literature was on the aim of work opinion of the atypical bacteria's part in evocation the infections the upper respiratory tract and ears in children, and performance of characteristic symptoms of clinical diseases these organs the bacteria's also.

CONCLUSIONS

The quoted in work results of investigations do not it let on the unambiguous opinion the atypical bacteria part in contagions of infections the upper respiratory tract and ears in children. It seems however, that Mycoplasma pneumoniae answers first of all for evocation the acute infections of upper respiratory tract; however Chlamydophila pneumoniae plays the larger part in illnesses chronic as well as co-existent pathogen in illnesses sharp. Atypical bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections significantly more often than previously thought. These infections often occur in patients with history of respiratory recurrences.

Multiplexed serology in atypical bacterial pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia is a term applied to lower respiratory tract infections that are not characterized by signs and symptoms of lobar consolidation. This article will discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnoses of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia sp., Legionella sp., Francisella tularensis, and Coxiella burnetii, which are the agents most commonly associated with atypical pneumonia. Because many of these pathogens are intracellular, diagnosis depends upon serological confirmation. The current serological tests used to identify these agents in the etiologic diagnosis of atypical pneumonia are described. Recently, however, it has become possible to make a diagnosis directly in these cases using DNA or protein microarrays. Here, we describe the development of a new, automated technique for simultaneous testing and detection of several pathogens using a multiplexed serology test. This should prove to be a valuable tool for the rapid determination of patient status, allowing effective and efficient postexposure prophylaxis and treatment.

Identification of atypical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis by use of molecular tools

Four atypical coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) isolates from clinical sources were compared with Staphylococcus epidermidis strains by ribotyping. The ribotypes of the four strains shared close rDNA restriction profiles with those of the S. epidermidis strains used. The DNA sequence encoding 16S rRNA demonstrated 99.9% homology with S. epidermidis. S1 nuclease experiments showed that these atypical strains formed a homogeneous genomic group. DNA-DNA homologies between the S. epidermidis type strain CCM 2124 and the four CNS isolates ranged from 70 to 89%. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid of the four strains ranged from 31 to 32 mol%.