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Pitiruţ IB, Swami V, Poamă-Neagră T, Enea V. Appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns in young adult women. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:275-283. [PMID: 37867295 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysmorphic concerns refer to excessive preoccupations with one's physical characteristics. There is a need to better understand the factors associated with these experiences, especially in young adult women. Given emergent research suggesting a link between the use of Instagram, dysmorphic concerns, and appearance pressures, we tested a mediation model in which appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediated the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 300 young adult women from Romania with mean age of 22.19 years (SD = 2.07) and who possessed an Instagram account were asked to complete an online survey consisting of measures of dysmorphic concerns, Instagram addiction, and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. RESULTS Correlational analyses revealed that all three variables were positively and moderately inter-correlated. Mediation analysis supported the hypothesis that appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns. CONCLUSIONS Implications of this study are discussed in terms of the urgency of prevention and intervention strategies, especially given the link between dysmorphic concerns and more extreme manifestations of severity, such as body dysmorphic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Center for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, Romania
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da Silva VS, Martins JCW, Fochesatto A, de Souza CG. Body image perception and dissatisfaction in resistance training practitioners: A critical review of the literature of Brazilian studies and assessment tools used. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:156-169. [PMID: 37387357 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231183593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to review the findings on body image (BI) dissatisfaction and muscle dysmorphia (MD) in Brazilian RT practitioners and the differences in the assessment tools used. A critical review of studies with searches in PubMed, Brazilian Virtual Health Library, SciELO, PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus databases was conducted. A total of 23 studies were included. Nine tools were used to assess BI dissatisfaction or MD: three questionnaires and six visual scales. The overall mean BI dissatisfaction was 56.5% (59.2% in men vs 57.3% in women). The mean MD was 42.4% (45.1% in women vs 38.5% in men). BI dissatisfaction and MD are related to women seeking slimness and men wanting to increase muscle mass. In conclusion, the frequency of BI was high in both sexes, and MD, when identified, was higher in women. The scales and questionnaires used differ significantly in depth and scope for the same purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolina Guerini de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a pathological preoccupation with muscularity characterised by negative body image, compulsive behaviours, and obsessive thoughts. Since its first identification academics have suggested that it is caused by sociocultural factors. Despite this there has been very little research exploring the role of sociocultural factors in the development and maintenance of MD, and no research that examines MD from within its cultural context. Instead the medical model of MD has dominated understanding. This model presents professionals as the experts on this disorder, and sufferers as pathological individuals in need of expert treatment. This renders cultural context largely irrelevant to understandings of MD. In this paper we present a different kind of expertise with regards MD. We describe the expertise of those most likely to suffer from MD, and upon whom medical descriptions of MD are based: bodybuilders. Specifically, we describe how bodybuilders explain MD (their definition, theory of aetiology and experience of MD, as well as their suggested management strategies), and compare these explanations to the dominant medical model. Through a consideration of the expertise of bodybuilders we break the tunnel vision of medicine, and suggest ways we can move beyond our current under-developed understanding of MD. This paper examines MD from within its cultural context, and in so doing it lays the foundation for a sociocultural explanatory model of MD. If we are to significantly reduce the harms of this disorder we cannot rely solely on treating the few individuals who present to clinicians. Rather we must develop ways to help sufferers to manage their disorder, and to prevent the development of this disorder among those at risk in the first place. To do this we must understand the sociocultural dimensions of MD, and collaborate with bodybuilding communities.
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Mol T, Thompson JK, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. A meta-analytic review of impact of measurement choice on RCTs to reduce appearance internalization. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1480-1501. [PMID: 37237436 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior reviews have shown that interventions targeting internalization of appearance standards are generally efficacious, though there is considerable heterogeneity in estimates across studies. This updated review of the literature evaluates whether efficacy estimates from RCTs systematically vary as a function of three related outcome measures (internalization, awareness, and perceived pressure regarding appearance standards). METHODS Seven electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to February 8, 2023. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed each study's risk of bias. Studies included were randomized-controlled trials evaluating body image/eating disorder prevention or intervention programs targeting internalization as a focal point of treatment. Effect sizes were meta-analyzed and meta-regression analyses were conducted investigating the impact of outcome measure choice on study effect size at post-intervention and follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (N = 4809 participants) were included. The meta-analytic findings as expected found interventions efficacious at reducing internalization post-intervention (d = -0.47, 95% CI [-0.60 to -0.34], k = 44), and at follow-up (d = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.39 to -0.17], k = 43), but also highly heterogenous (I2 = 52-67%). Operationalization of internalization moderated results at follow-up but not post-intervention timepoints, with awareness measures (compared with internalization measures) producing weaker effect sizes. Exploratory analyses found bigger effects when internalization was compared with all other measurement categories combined, suggesting possible issues with statistical power in main analyses. DISCUSSION Mixed present findings suggest need for further evaluation of measurement effects on efficacy, and possible caution in choice of outcome measure for internalization-based interventions. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review provides some preliminary evidence that choice of survey measures used in randomized controlled trials can impact our judgments about whether a trial reduces the extent to which participants endorse unrealistic appearance standards. Accuracy in measurement of this efficacy of trials is crucial, given the role that internalized appearance standards play in onset and maintenance of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Mol
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Schmidt M, Taube CO, Heinrich T, Vocks S, Hartmann AS. Body image disturbance and associated eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology in gay and heterosexual men: A systematic analyses of cognitive, affective, behavioral und perceptual aspects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278558. [PMID: 36472982 PMCID: PMC9725123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study contributes to the quantitatively large, yet narrow in scope research on body image in gay men by assessing whether gay and heterosexual men systematically differ on various dimensions of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Moreover, we examined the influence of general everyday discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community on body image. METHOD N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated in an online survey measuring the discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat/ muscularity; drive for leanness, muscularity, and thinness; body satisfaction; body-related avoidance and checking; appearance fixing; overall body image disturbance; eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; general everyday discrimination experiences; and involvement with the gay community. RESULTS Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat; higher drive for thinness, body-related avoidance, appearance fixing, overall body image disturbance, eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; and lower body appreciation than heterosexual men (all p ≤ .05). Contrary to expectation, everyday discrimination experiences were more strongly associated with body image disturbance and eating disorder/ body dysmorphic disorder pathology in heterosexual men than in gay men (all p ≤ .05). Gay community involvement was not associated with any body image disturbance-, ED-, or BDD aspect in gay men (all p ≥ .20). DISCUSSION The results suggest greater body image disturbance in gay men than in heterosexual men regarding cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and perception as well as higher eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology. The results also suggest the dilemma of a thin, yet muscular body ideal in gay men. Surprisingly, discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community did not explain differences in body image disturbance. Gay men may have become resilient to discrimination over time, and body ideals might differ across gay sub-communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph O. Taube
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinrich
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea S. Hartmann
- Department of Psychology, Unit of Experimental Clinical Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Kam O, Na S, La Sala M, Tejeda CI, Koola MM. The Psychological Benefits of Cosmetic Surgery. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:479-485. [PMID: 35766540 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this review is to shed light on the literature regarding the psychological impact of invasive cosmetic surgery and to discuss future implications for research and clinical practice. Articles published through October 2021 were reviewed to answer the question, "Does cosmetic surgery improve a patient's overall psychological health?" Psychological well-being was examined through the lens of body image, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression scores. The studies revealed that although cosmetic surgery seems to boost patients' body image, other crucial aspects of psychological well-being may or may not similarly benefit. Notably, factors such as a patient's preoperative mental status, level of education, type of cosmetic procedure, postoperative healing time, sex, and age play a role in determining the direction and magnitude of psychological change after surgery. Limitations include the lack of diversity in study populations and the potential role of body dysmorphic disorder. Overall, researchers have concluded that cosmetic surgery improves body image but remain in disagreement on its effects on self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kam
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine
| | - Sean Na
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine
| | | | - Christina I Tejeda
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
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Abstract
Hypogonadism commonly occurs during withdrawal from anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use, particularly when users have been taking AAS for prolonged periods. Mounting evidence now suggests that AAS-induced hypogonadism may persist for months or even years after last AAS use, and in some cases may be partially or completely irreversible. Treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin and clomiphene may help to restore hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function, and these substances are widely used illicitly by AAS users at the end of a course of AAS as so-called postcycle therapy. Many endocrinologists still have only limited experience in diagnosing and treating AAS-induced hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison G Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rautio D, Vilaplana-Pérez A, Gumpert M, Ivanov VZ, Linde J, Österman S, Flygare O, Isung J, Isomura K, Krig S, Serlachius E, Högström J, Rück C, Mataix-Cols D, Fernández de la Cruz L. Validity and reliability of the diagnostic codes for hypochondriasis and dysmorphophobia in the Swedish National Patient Register: a retrospective chart review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051853. [PMID: 34873001 PMCID: PMC8650471 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10), hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder) and dysmorphophobia (body dysmorphic disorder) share the same diagnostic code (F45.2). However, the Swedish ICD-10 allows for these disorders to be coded separately (F45.2 and F45.2A, respectively), potentially offering unique opportunities for register-based research on these conditions. We assessed the validity and reliability of their ICD-10 codes in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR). DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Six hundred individuals with a diagnosis of hypochondriasis or dysmorphophobia (300 each) were randomly selected from the NPR. Their medical files were requested from the corresponding clinics, located anywhere in Sweden. Two independent raters assessed each file according to ICD-10 definitions and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision and Fifth Edition criteria. Raters also completed the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Per cent between-rater agreement and positive predictive value (PPV). Intraclass correlation coefficients for the CGI-S and the GAF. RESULTS Eighty-four hypochondriasis and 122 dysmorphophobia files were received and analysed. The inter-rater agreement rate regarding the presence or absence of a diagnosis was 95.2% for hypochondriasis and 92.6% for dysmorphophobia. Sixty-seven hypochondriasis files (79.8%) and 111 dysmorphophobia files (91.0%) were considered 'true positive' cases (PPV=0.80 and PPV=0.91, respectively). CGI-S scores indicated that symptoms were moderately to markedly severe, while GAF scores suggested moderate impairment for hypochondriasis cases and moderate to serious impairment for dysmorphophobia cases. CGI-S and GAF inter-rater agreement were good for hypochondriasis and moderate for dysmorphophobia. CONCLUSIONS The Swedish ICD-10 codes for hypochondriasis and dysmorphophobia are sufficiently valid and reliable for register-based studies. The results of such studies should be interpreted in the context of a possible over-representation of severe and highly impaired cases in the register, particularly for dysmorphophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rautio
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alba Vilaplana-Pérez
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Gumpert
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volen Z Ivanov
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Linde
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Österman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Flygare
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef Isung
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayoko Isomura
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Krig
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Serlachius
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Högström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jacques K, Evans E, Boothroyd L. Experimental manipulation of muscularity preferences through visual diet and associative learning. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255403. [PMID: 34379671 PMCID: PMC8357086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Body preferences are somewhat flexible and this variability may be the result of one's visual diet (whereby mere exposure to certain bodies shifts preferences), associative learning mechanisms (whereby cues to health and status within the population are internalised and affect body preferences), or a mixture of both visual diet and associative learning effects. We tested how these factors may drive changes in preferences for muscularity in male bodies across a male and female sample. Three studies were conducted where participants viewed manipulation images of high and/or low muscle mass males which were either aspirational (high status clothing and posture) and/or neutral (no obvious cues to status). Preferences for muscularity were recorded before and after exposure to such manipulation images to assess whether body preferences had changed following manipulation. We found evidence for both the visual diet and associative learning hypotheses. Exposure to non-muscular male bodies decreased preferences for muscular bodies irrespective of image valence. Exposure to aspirational non-muscular male bodies alongside neutral muscular male bodies also led to a decrease in muscularity preferences. Further, when manipulation conditions are less obviously skewed towards a particular body type, preferences still shifted in the direction of the most prevalent body type, suggesting that demand characteristics are unlikely to have confounded results of previous adaptation experiments with more obvious manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Jacques
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KJ); (LB)
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Department of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Boothroyd
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KJ); (LB)
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Kaszás B, Oláh B, Kovács-Tóth B. [The relationship of muscle dysmorphia to the body image and early maladaptive schemata created by parental behaviours]. Psychiatr Hung 2021; 36:113-123. [PMID: 33870900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the purpose of our study was to investigate the link between specific traits that determine muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and the parental behaviours which play a role in developing these schemata, as well as the eating-disorder-specific traits which differentiate bodybuilders from the normal population. AIM conceptualising the similarities of personality traits in case of muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders, as well as their etiology based on the schema theory. METHOD to measure muscle dysmorphia was used the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. We explored its connec - tion with eating disorders applying the Eating Disorder Inventory and thereof with the parental behaviours was used the Young Parental Inventory. RESULTS a number of eating-disorder-specific traits differentiate persons with muscle dysmorphic traits from the normal population. These are Drive for thinness, Body dissatisfaction, Feeling of inadequacy, Interoceptive awareness and Perfectionism. Regarding the perceived parental behaviour the father violated the child's need of autonomy, compe - tence and self-identity and the mother violated the need of boundaries and self-control. CONCLUSIONS Based on several personality characteristics, muscle dysmorphia may be related to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In its etiology parental care can have a role, as the father is disposed to detain the autonomy, and the expression of personal needs, while the mother demonstrates insufficient control functions, and the detention of the autonomy and the need for competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kaszás
- Debreceni Egyetem Nepegeszsegugyi Kar Magatartastudomanyi Intezet Debrecen, Hungary, E-mail:
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Boriani F, Giorgini FA, Morselli PG. Labia Appearance and Patient's Perception: The Importance of Investigating Self-Image, Psychosomatic Suffering, and Expectation for Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:822e-823e. [PMID: 33234992 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Boriani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sanremo Hospital, Sanremo (Imperia), Italy
| | - Federico A Giorgini
- School of Specialization in Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo G Morselli
- School of Specialization in Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Clair AH. [Classification of obsessivecompulsive disorder: evolution in the DSM-V]. Rev Prat 2020; 70:774-776. [PMID: 33739726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Classification of obsessive-compulsive disorder : evolution in the DSM V. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) criteria were first described in the third edition of Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM), in the 1980's. OCD was then classified as an anxious disorder. Today, a new group in DSM-V included OCD and other closed disorders, called "OCD and related disorders". In this new edition, hoarding, before considered as a symptom of OCD, was isolated in a new disorder called hording disorder. This new family also includes body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania and skin picking disorder. Criteria of OCD itself are preserved. In DSM-V it was also added the possibility to specify the degree of insight of the patient, and if tics are or were associated with OCD.
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Cornelis L, Smets T, Imeraj L, Gordts F, Lampo A. [The by law required assessment by a child psychiatrist before cosmetic interventions; retrospective file research]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2020; 62:194-202. [PMID: 32207129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surgical and non-surgical cosmetic interventions are on the rise, also in minors. Therefore, the society, healthcare system and government are searching for an ethical-medical-legal framework. Numerous studies have shown the importance of patient selection. The absence of psychopathology correlates with a good outcome of cosmetic interventions. Since July 2013, the law in Belgium requires a consultation with a child psychiatrist or child psychologist before minors are allowed to undergo cosmetic intervention.<br/> AIM: To evaluate the clinical impact and effectiveness of this Belgian law.<br/> METHOD: Retrospective research of all patient evaluations by an independent child psychiatrist in the context of this law at the University Hospital, Free University Brussels from 12/07/2013-12/07/2017. Descriptive analysis of following variables as mentioned in the report of the child psychiatrist: type of cosmetic intervention, socio-demographic data, psychosocial problems, (symptoms of) child psychiatric diagnoses, recommendations.<br/> RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients consulted a child psychiatrist before a planned cosmetic intervention, 36 of them had an otoplasty and 1 a rhinoplasty. Twelve patients had symptoms of at least 2 psychiatric disorders for whom further examination was required. However, these did not constitute a contraindication for the cosmetic intervention. None of the patients had (symptoms of) a body dysmorphic disorder.<br/> CONCLUSION: Mainly patients who underwent otoplasty and with an obvious deviation from appearance that caused suffering were evaluated at the University Hospital, Free University Brussels four years after implementation of the law on cosmetic interventions. No child psychiatric contraindications for the cosmetic intervention were found in this population. It seems more useful to nuance this legislation and ask more specific for advice from a child psychiatrist in patients with risk factors. The identification of patients with a possible (child) psychiatric disorder remains of utmost importance.
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Spriggs M, Gillam L. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Contraindication or Ethical Justification for Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery in Adolescents. Bioethics 2016; 30:706-713. [PMID: 27717062 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Is Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery for an adolescent with Body Dysmorphic Disorder ever ethically justified? Cosmetic genital surgery (specifically labioplasty) for adolescent girls is one of the most ethically controversial forms of cosmetic surgery and Body Dysmorphic Disorder is typically seen as a contraindication for cosmetic surgery. Two key ethical concerns are (1) that Body Dysmorphic Disorder undermines whatever capacity for autonomy the adolescent has; and (2) even if there is valid parental consent, the presence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder means that cosmetic surgery will fail in its aims. In this article, we challenge, in an evidence-based way, the standard view that Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a contraindication for genital cosmetic surgery in adolescents. Our argument gathers together and unifies a substantial amount of disparate research in the context of an ethical argument. We focus on empirical questions about benefit and harm, because these are ethically significant. Answers to these questions affect the answer to the ethical question. We question the claim that there would be no benefit from surgery in this situation, and we consider possible harms that might be done if treatment is refused. For an adolescent with Body Dysmorphic Disorder, the most important thing may be to avoid harm. We find ourselves arguing for the ethical justifiability of cosmetic labioplasty for an adolescent with Body Dysmorphic Disorder, even though we recognize that it is a counter intuitive position. We explain how we reached our conclusion.
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Angelakis I, Gooding PA, Panagioti M. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:55-66. [PMID: 27607741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although a considerable number of studies have indicated that the rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) are high, no systematic review has been undertaken to explore the strength and patterns of the relationship between suicidality and BDD. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis which aimed to examine the association between BDD and suicidality and the mechanisms underlying suicidality in BDD. Searches of five bibliographic databases including Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL, were conducted from inception to June 2015. Seventeen studies were included in the review. Meta-analyses were performed using random effect models to account for the high levels of heterogeneity in the data. A positive and statistically significant association was found between BDD and suicidality (OR=3.63, 95% CI=2.62 to 4.63). Subgroup analyses showed that BDD was associated with increased odds for both, suicide attempts (OR=3.30, 95% CI=2.18 to 4.43) and suicidal ideation (OR=2.57, 95% CI=1.44 to 3.69). The evidence concerning suicide deaths in BDD was scarce. BDD-specific factors and comorbid diagnoses of Axis I disorders were likely to worsen suicidality in BDD. However, the modest number, and the low methodological quality, of the studies included in this review suggest caution the interpretation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Panagioti
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, University of Manchester, UK.
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Talarico G, Morgante E. The human dimension: esthetics in society and in medicine. Eur J Esthet Dent 2013; 8:136-155. [PMID: 23712337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research has been carried out to transmit a multidisciplinary knowledge of esthetics in society and in the field of science (psychology, sociology, philosophy, medicine, art, ethics). This knowledge is necessary to ensure that esthetic doctors who deal with esthetic medicine may, through their intervention - which is not only analytical, but also creative - respecting human nature, people's esthetic expectations and the rules of social ethics. This is the only way we can best respond to the overall concept referred to as the human dimension. This may be carried out in different ways and contexts that are current and are an expression of the age we are living in.
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Kennedy A. Regulating bodily integrity: cosmetic surgery and voluntary limb amputation. J Law Med 2012; 20:350-362. [PMID: 23431852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetic surgery and voluntary limb amputation share a number of features. Both procedures are patient-driven forms of body shaping that can only be performed by surgeons, and therefore the procedures require the imprimatur of the medical profession to be lawful. Both invoke identity construction as a central legitimating factor that renders the procedures therapeutic. The legal regulation of surgery is subsumed within general principles regulating medical practice, where autonomy and consent are constituted as fundamental authorising principles. The legitimacy of consent to surgical intervention operates unevenly in relation to these two forms of surgery. Amputation of healthy limbs is presumed to be non-therapeutic. Capacity is closely interrogated and minutely scrutinised. Consent to cosmetic surgery, by contrast, is presumed to be a valid expression of autonomy and self-determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Kennedy
- School of Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales.
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VELLA G. [SOMATOPSYCHIC DEPERSONALIZATION AND BODY IMAGE DISORDERS]. Evol Psychiatr (Paris) 1965; 30:147-59. [PMID: 14312495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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KORKINA MV. [ON THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DYSMORPHOPHOBIA (DYSMORPHOMANIA)]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1965; 65:747-9. [PMID: 14319078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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DOSUZHKOV FN. [On the problem of dysmorphophobia]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1962; 62:132-7. [PMID: 13887486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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KNUEPPEL H. [Meningoencephalitis after zoster with a tendency to torsion along the longitudinal axis and body image disorders]. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 1962; 183:589-99. [PMID: 14457394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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KORKINA MV. [On clinical significance of dysmorphophobia syndrome. II. On a form of initial stages of schizophrenia]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1961; 61:109-13. [PMID: 13753173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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SCHERZER E. [On a case of unusual body image disorder]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1960; 17:213-7. [PMID: 14442685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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LENZ H. [Body image disorder]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1960; 17:391-7. [PMID: 14415735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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NOVLIANSKAIA KA. [On 1 of the forms of prolonged pathological reactions at the age of puberty (the syndrome dysmorphophobia)]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1960; 60:891-5. [PMID: 13729790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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CREMIEUX A, ALLIEZ J, PACHE R. [Significant body image disorders in severe psychasthenia]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1959; 117(2):671-7. [PMID: 13812768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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CRETAN C, BOTEZ M, GOLDENBERG M. [Paroxystic body image disorders in right fronto-parieto-temporal lesions]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1957; 97:401-7. [PMID: 13543120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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DIMITRIJEVIC DT. [Body image disorders in schizophrenia]. Med Arh 1957; 11:23-7. [PMID: 13450938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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GLONING I, HIFT S, PATEISKY K, TSCHABITSCHER H. [Body image disorder involving the ocular region]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1956; 13:84-99. [PMID: 13393012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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REDA GC, PARETTI E. [Epilepsy, tics and obsessions with body image disorders; case report]. Riv Sper Freniatr Med Leg Alien Ment 1955; 79:217-22. [PMID: 14396221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MARTELLI F. [Transitory behavior and body image disorders of parietal origin: clinical aspects]. Med Contemp 1955; 73:97-105. [PMID: 14382965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SELETSKII BM. [Problem of body image disorders according to pathophysiological investigations on mechanisms of speech disorders in focal lesions of the dominant hemisphere of the brain]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1955; 55:928-33. [PMID: 13300987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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MOUREN P. [Clinical importance of the study of body image disorders during vascular hemiplegia]. Mars Med 1955; 92:663-7. [PMID: 13308411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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PICHLER E. [Body image disorders associated with transverse cord lesions]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1954; 10:43-57. [PMID: 13226935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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GLONING I, GLONING K, WEINGARTEN K. [The effect of kinesthetic impulses on body image disorders]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1954; 9:481-95. [PMID: 13205998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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WILMS E. [Body image disorder, the affection of the chronically ill]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1953; 83:1082-5. [PMID: 13113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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GROSS H. [Atypical combined body image disorders after apoplexy]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 1953; 8:124-33. [PMID: 13157423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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GUERRA M. [Body image disorders of vestibular origin]. J Med (Oporto) 1952; 20:435-6. [PMID: 13022158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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CARP E. [Body image disorders]. Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg 1952; 52:461-75. [PMID: 12985267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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HAAS L. [Anosognosia and body image disorders and their relation to parietal lesions]. Neurol Psychiatr Ceskoslov 1950; 13:269-84. [PMID: 14806746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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