1
|
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of human brain organoid transplantation in rodents have accentuated ethical concerns associated with these entities, especially as they relate to potential "humanization" of host animals. Consideration of established scientific principles can help define the realistic range of expected outcomes in such transplantation studies. This practical approach suggests that augmentation of discrete brain functions in transplant hosts is a more relevant ethical question in the near term than the possibility of "conscious" chimeric animals. We hope that this framework contributes to a balanced approach for proceeding with studies involving brain organoid transplantation and other forms of human-animal brain chimeras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John A Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Blue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyan Maggie Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Moreno
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Furr A, Hardy MA, Barret JP, Barker JH. Surgical, ethical, and psychosocial considerations in human head transplantation. Int J Surg 2017; 41:190-195. [PMID: 28110028 PMCID: PMC5490488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplanting a head and brain is perhaps the final frontier of organ transplantation. The goal of body-to-head transplantation (BHT) is to sustain the life of individuals who suffer from terminal disease, but whose head and brain are healthy. Ideally BHT could provide a lifesaving treatment for several conditions where none currently exists. BHT is no ordinary experiment, to transfer a head to another body involves extraordinarily complex medical challenges as well as ethical and existential dilemmas that were previously confined to the imagination of writers of fiction. The possibility of replacing an incurably ill body with a healthy one tests not only our surgical limits, but also the social and psychological boundaries of physical life and alters what we recognize life to be. The purpose of this target article, the complementary manuscript focused on immunological issues in BHT, and the accompanying Commentaries by scholars and practitioners in medicine, immunology, and bioethics is to review major surgical and psychosocial-ethical and immunological considerations surrounding body-to-head transplantation. We hope that together these ideas will provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the possibilities and challenges associated with BHT and initiate professional discussion and debate through which this new frontier in medicine is considered and approached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Furr
- Haley Center 7018, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Mark A Hardy
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 161 Fort, Washington Ave., Herbert Irving Pavilion 5-549, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Juan P Barret
- University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John H Barker
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe-University, Friedrichsheim Orthopedic Hospital, Haus 97 B, 1OG, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reiner PB. Unintended benefits arising from cell-based interventions for neurological conditions. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:51-52. [PMID: 19396689 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902788769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Reiner
- National Core for Neuroethics, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2B5.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwartz PH, Kalichman MW. Ethical challenges to cell-based interventions for the central nervous system: some recommendations for clinical trials and practice. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:41-43. [PMID: 19396684 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902788694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Schwartz
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Duggan PS, Siegel AW, Blass DM, Bok H, Coyle JT, Faden R, Finkel J, Gearhart JD, Greely HT, Hillis A, Hoke A, Johnson R, Johnston M, Kahn J, Kerr D, King P, Kurtzberg J, Liao SM, McDonald JW, McKhann G, Nelson KB, Rao M, Regenberg A, Smith K, Solter D, Song H, Sugarman J, Traystman RJ, Vescovi A, Yanofski J, Young W, Mathews DJH. Unintended changes in cognition, mood, and behavior arising from cell-based interventions for neurological conditions: ethical challenges. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:31-36. [PMID: 19396681 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902788645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of using cell-based interventions (CBIs) to treat neurological conditions raises several important ethical and policy questions. In this target article, we focus on issues related to the unique constellation of traits that characterize CBIs targeted at the central nervous system. In particular, there is at least a theoretical prospect that these cells will alter the recipients' cognition, mood, and behavior-brain functions that are central to our concept of the self. The potential for such changes, although perhaps remote, is cause for concern and careful ethical analysis. Both to enable better informed consent in the future and as an end in itself, we argue that early human trials of CBIs for neurological conditions must monitor subjects for changes in cognition, mood, and behavior; further, we recommend concrete steps for that monitoring. Such steps will help better characterize the potential risks and benefits of CBIs as they are tested and potentially used for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Duggan
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Carter
- Queensland Brain Institute, Department of Philosophy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hildt E. Ethical challenges in cell-based interventions for neurological conditions: some lessons to be learnt from clinical transplantation trials in patients with Parkinson's disease. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:37-38. [PMID: 19396682 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902850999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hildt
- Department of Philosophy, University of Mainz, Jakob Welder-Weg, D-55099 Mainz.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schanker BD. Inevitable challenges in establishing a causal relationship between cell-based interventions for neurological conditions and neuropsychological changes. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:43-45. [PMID: 19396685 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902788686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Schanker
- Department of Health Law, Bioethics, and Human Rights, Boston University School of Public Health, 173 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Amorim ART. Regulating ethical issues in cell-based interventions: lessons from universal declaration on bioethics and human rights. Am J Bioeth 2009; 9:49-50. [PMID: 19396688 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902807361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Baertschi
- Institut d'Ethique Biomédicale, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Landau WM. Positive potential of fetal nigral implants for Parkinson disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:1808-9. [PMID: 15534196 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.61.11.1808-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system was once considered irreparable. However, there is now growing optimism that neural transplant therapies may one day enable complete circuit reconstruction and thus functional benefit for patients with neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and perhaps even those with more widespread damage such as stroke patients. Indeed, since the late 1980s hundreds of patients with Parkinson's disease have received allografts of dopamine-rich embryonic human neural tissue. The grafted tissue has been shown to survive and ameliorate many of the symptoms of the disease, both in the clinical setting and in animal models of the disease. However, practical problems associated with tissue procurement and storage, and ethical concerns over using aborted human fetal tissue have fuelled a search for alternative sources of suitable material for grafting. In particular, stem cells and xenogeneic embryonic dopamine-rich neural tissue are being explored, both of which bring their own practical and ethical dilemmas. Here we review the progress made in neural transplantation, both in the laboratory and in the clinic with particular attention to the development of stem cell and xenogeneic tissue based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sayles
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pandya SK. Medical ethics in the neurosciences. Neurol India 2003; 51:317-22. [PMID: 14652429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Doctors in India are heirs to a long tradition of ethics from their own forebears and from those from the West. This paper discusses ethical aspects of topics of relevance to neurological scientists such as brain death, neural transplant and whole brain transplant. Many other topics such as ethics in research, patients with AIDS, patients in a persistent vegetative state and euthanasia deserve similar consideration and debate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Pandya
- Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. G. V. Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai - 400026, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ridet JL, Sarkis C, Serguera C, Zennou V, Charneau P, Mallet J. Transplantation of human adult astrocytes: efficiency and safety requirements for an autologous gene therapy. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:704-8. [PMID: 12774310 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy is emerging as a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) trauma. We have shown previously that human adult astrocytes can be expanded in vitro and can express various therapeutic transgenes (Ridet et al. [1999] Hum. Gene Ther. 10:271-280; Serguera et al. [ 2001] Mol. Ther. 3:875-881). Here, we grafted normal and lentivirally-modified human adult astrocytes into the striatum and spinal cord of nude mice to test whether they are suitable candidates for ex vivo CNS gene therapy. Transplanted cells survived for at least 2 months (longest time analyzed) and sustained transgene expression. Importantly, the absence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining, a hallmark of cell division, ascertains the safety of these cells. Thus, adult human astrocytes are a promising tool for human CNS repair; they may make autologous ex vivo gene transfer feasible, thereby avoiding the problems of immunological rejection and the side effects of immunosuppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Ridet
- CNRS UMR 9923, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, bât. CERVI, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Albin RL. Sham surgery controls: intracerebral grafting of fetal tissue for Parkinson's disease and proposed criteria for use of sham surgery controls. J Med Ethics 2002; 28:322-325. [PMID: 12356962 PMCID: PMC1733639 DOI: 10.1136/jme.28.5.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sham surgery is a controversial and rarely used component of randomised clinical trials evaluating surgical interventions. The recent use of sham surgery in trials evaluating efficacy of intracerebral fetal tissue grafts in Parkinson's disease has highlighted the ethical concerns associated with sham surgery controls. Macklin, and Dekkers and Boer argue vigorously against use of sham surgery controls. Macklin presents a broad argument against sham surgery controls while Dekkers and Boer present a narrower argument that sham surgery is unnecessary in the specific setting of fetal tissue engraftment for Parkinson's disease. I defend sham surgery controls against both these criticisms. Appropriate clinical trial design, sometimes including sham surgery, is needed to ensure that false positive trial results do not occur and endanger public safety. Results of a completed trial of fetal tissue grafting for Parkinson's disease are used to illustrate the potential benefits of, and problems associated with, sham surgery controls. Sham surgery controls, however, should be employed only when absolutely necessary. I suggest criteria for appropriate use of sham surgery controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 4412D Kresge III, 200 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0585, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Basic neurotransplantation research evoked clinical trials of restorative brain surgery. Parkinson's disease was the first and primary test bed for this putative new therapeutic method. Various centers performed the grafting surgery and the behavioral evaluations in different ways, and observed a varying degree of symptomatic relief. This led to a plea for double blind placebo-controlled clinical trials, which have since been performed and of which the first outcomes were recently published. In the present paper this approach of experimental neurotransplantation in brain diseases is discussed and rejected. Neural grafting in the central nervous system is irreversible and is therefore not suitable for experimental approaches originally designed for and best suited to drug studies. For Parkinson's disease in particular, the technique is far from optimized to perform large-scale studies at this stage. Moreover, previous negative results of adrenal medulla tissue implantation in the brain of patients make placebo effects rather unlikely. Moral arguments concerning the validity of the informed consent, therapeutic misconception, and the risk/benefit ratio can be added in the plea against this control surgery. Finally, a recommendation is made for study designs that apply a disease-dedicated core assessment protocol (CAP) that can evaluate the period from pre-operative to post-convalescent stages quantitatively, and therefore, unbiased. The strength of these CAPs is that they allow comparisons of different grafting techniques, of results between centers and of other types of interventions and invasive treatments such as deep brain stimulation. On ethical grounds, it is unacceptable not to use a study design that circumvents sham or imitation surgery. It is a challenge for the neuroscience community to develop CAPs for brain diseases that are eligible for neurotransplantation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Boer
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mahowald MB. The brain and the I: neurodevelopment and personal identity. J Soc Philos 1996; 27:49-60. [PMID: 14621716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
20
|
White RJ. Fetal brain transplantation: questionable human experiment. America (NY) 1992; 167:421-2. [PMID: 15991423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J White
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|