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Szczepańczyk M, Rzechonek DA, Dobrowolski A, Mirończuk AM. The Overexpression of YALI0B07117g Results in Enhanced Erythritol Synthesis from Glycerol by the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247549. [PMID: 34946639 PMCID: PMC8705655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is used to produce erythritol from glycerol. In this study, the role of the erythrose reductase (ER) homolog YALI0B07117g in erythritol synthesis was analyzed. The deletion of the gene resulted in an increased production of mannitol (308%) and arabitol (204%) before the utilization of these polyols began. The strain overexpressing the YALI0B07117g gene was used to increase the erythritol yield from glycerol as a sole carbon source in batch cultures, resulting in a yield of 0.4 g/g. The specific consumption rate (qs) increased from 5.83 g/g/L for the WT strain to 8.49 g/g/L for the modified strain and the productivity of erythritol increased from 0.28 g/(L h) for the A101 strain to 0.41 g/(L h) for the modified strain. The application of the research may prove positive for shortening the cultivation time due to the increased rate of consumption of the substrate combined with the increased parameters of erythritol synthesis.
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Chen T, Xia H, Cui S, Lv X, Li X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Combinatorial Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway Engineering and Process Optimization for Increased Menaquinone-7 Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:762-769. [PMID: 32482943 PMCID: PMC9745656 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is an essential vitamin existing in the daily diet, and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important form of it. In a recent work, we engineered the synthesis modules of MK-7 in Bacillus subtilis, and the strain BS20 could produce 360 mg/l MK-7 in shake flasks, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which provides the precursor isopentenyl diphosphate for MK-7 synthesis, was not engineered. In this study, we overexpressed five genes of the MEP pathway in BS20 and finally obtained a strain (BS20DFHG) with MK-7 titer of 415 mg/l in shake flasks. Next, we optimized the fermentation process parameters (initial pH, temperature and aeration) in an 8-unit parallel bioreactor system consisting of 300-ml glass vessels. Based on this, we scaled up the MK-7 production by the strain BS20DFHG in a 50-l bioreactor, and the highest MK-7 titer reached 242 mg/l. Here, we show that the engineered strain BS20DFHG may be used for the industrial production of MK-7 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Xia
- Richen Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
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You MK, Lee YJ, Kim JK, Baek SA, Jeon YA, Lim SH, Ha SH. The organ-specific differential roles of rice DXS and DXR, the first two enzymes of the MEP pathway, in carotenoid metabolism in Oryza sativa leaves and seeds. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32293285 PMCID: PMC7161295 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) are the enzymes that catalyze the first two enzyme steps of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway to supply the isoprene building-blocks of carotenoids. Plant DXR and DXS enzymes have been reported to function differently depending on the plant species. In this study, the differential roles of rice DXS and DXR genes in carotenoid metabolism were investigated. RESULTS The accumulation of carotenoids in rice seeds co-expressing OsDXS2 and stPAC was largely enhanced by 3.4-fold relative to the stPAC seeds and 315.3-fold relative to non-transgenic (NT) seeds, while the overexpression of each OsDXS2 or OsDXR caused no positive effect on the accumulation of either carotenoids or chlorophylls in leaves and seeds, suggesting that OsDXS2 functions as a rate-limiting enzyme supplying IPP/DMAPPs to seed carotenoid metabolism, but OsDXR doesn't in either leaves or seeds. The expressions of OsDXS1, OsPSY1, OsPSY2, and OsBCH2 genes were upregulated regardless of the reductions of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves; however, there was no significant change in the expression of most carotenogenic genes, even though there was a 315.3-fold increase in the amount of carotenoid in rice seeds. These non-proportional expression patterns in leaves and seeds suggest that those metabolic changes of carotenoids were associated with overexpression of the OsDXS2, OsDXR and stPAC transgenes, and the capacities of the intermediate biosynthetic enzymes might be much more important for those metabolic alterations than the transcript levels of intermediate biosynthetic genes are. Taken together, we propose a 'Three Faucets and Cisterns Model' about the relationship among the rate-limiting enzymes OsDXSs, OsPSYs, and OsBCHs as a "Faucet", the biosynthetic capacity of intermediate metabolites as a "Cistern", and the carotenoid accumulations as the content of "Cistern". CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OsDXS2 plays an important role as a rate-limiting enzyme supplying IPP/DMAPPs to the seed-carotenoid accumulation, and rice seed carotenoid metabolism could be largely enhanced without any significant transcriptional alteration of carotenogenic genes. Finally, the "Three Faucets and Cisterns model" presents the extenuating circumstance to elucidate rice seed carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- MK You
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - YJ Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - JK Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - SA Baek
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - YA Jeon
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - SH Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
| | - SH Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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Onkokesung N, Reichelt M, Wright LP, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Dicke M. The plastidial metabolite 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate modulates defence responses against aphids. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2309-2323. [PMID: 30786032 PMCID: PMC6850158 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Feeding by insect herbivores such as caterpillars and aphids induces plant resistance mechanisms that are mediated by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). These phytohormonal pathways often crosstalk. Besides phytohormones, methyl-D-erythriol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), the penultimate metabolite in the methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, has been speculated to regulate transcription of nuclear genes in response to biotic stressors such as aphids. Here, we show that MEcPP uniquely enhances the SA pathway without attenuating the JA pathway. Arabidopsis mutant plants that accumulate high levels of MEcPP (hds3) are highly resistant to the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), whereas resistance to the large cabbage white caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) remains unaltered. Thus, MEcPP is a distinct signalling molecule that acts beyond phytohormonal crosstalk to induce resistance against the cabbage aphid in Arabidopsis. We dissect the molecular mechanisms of MEcPP mediating plant resistance against the aphid B. brassicae. This shows that MEcPP induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several primary and secondary metabolic pathways contributing to enhanced resistance against this aphid species. A unique ability to regulate multifaceted molecular mechanisms makes MEcPP an attractive target for metabolic engineering in Brassica crop plants to increase resistance to cabbage aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Cellular and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto‐MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Mendoza-Poudereux I, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Navarro A, Arrillaga I, Segura J. Enhanced levels of S-linalool by metabolic engineering of the terpenoid pathway in spike lavender leaves. Metab Eng 2014; 23:136-44. [PMID: 24685653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic Lavandula latifolia plants overexpressing the linalool synthase (LIS) gene from Clarkia breweri, encoding the LIS enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of linalool were generated. Most of these plants increased significantly their linalool content as compared to controls, especially in the youngest leaves, where a linalool increase up to a 1000% was observed. The phenotype of increased linalool content observed in young leaves was maintained in those T1 progenies that inherit the LIS transgene, although this phenotype was less evident in the flower essential oil. Cross-pollination of transgenic spike lavender plants allowed the generation of double transgenic plants containing the DXS (1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-P synthase), coding for the first enzyme of the methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, and LIS genes. Both essential oil yield and linalool content in double DXS-LIS transgenic plants were lower than that of their parentals, which could be due to co-suppression effects linked to the structures of the constructs used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendoza-Poudereux
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Bertomeu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Departamento Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Arrillaga
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Segura
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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Bonneau L, Huguet S, Wipf D, Pauly N, Truong HN. Combined phosphate and nitrogen limitation generates a nutrient stress transcriptome favorable for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Medicago truncatula. New Phytol 2013; 199:188-202. [PMID: 23506613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is stimulated by phosphorus (P) limitation and contributes to P and nitrogen (N) acquisition. However, the effects of combined P and N limitation on AM formation are largely unknown. Medicago truncatula plants were cultivated in the presence or absence of Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) in P-limited (LP), N-limited (LN) or combined P- and N-limited (LPN) conditions, and compared with plants grown in sufficient P and N. The highest AM formation was observed in LPN, linked to systemic signaling by the plant nutrient status. Plant free phosphate concentrations were higher in LPN than in LP, as a result of cross-talk between P and N. Transcriptome analyses suggest that LPN induces the activation of NADPH oxidases in roots, concomitant with an altered profile of plant defense genes and a coordinate increase in the expression of genes involved in the methylerythritol phosphate and isoprenoid-derived pathways, including strigolactone synthesis genes. Taken together, these results suggest that low P and N fertilization systemically induces a physiological state of plants favorable for AM symbiosis despite their higher P status. Our findings highlight the importance of the plant nutrient status in controlling plant-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bonneau
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue G. Crémieux, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 CNRS 7254, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Hoai-Nam Truong
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA/Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Gupta P, Agarwal AV, Akhtar N, Sangwan RS, Singh SP, Trivedi PK. Cloning and characterization of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway genes for isoprenoid biosynthesis from Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera. Protoplasma 2013; 250:285-95. [PMID: 22526204 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic and other indigenous medicines. Pharmaceutical activities of this herb are associated with presence of secondary metabolites known as withanolides, a class of phytosteroids synthesized via mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized two genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS; EC 2.2.1.7) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase (DXR; EC 1.1.1.267) enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The full-length cDNAs of W. somnifera DXS (WsDXS) and DXR (WsDXR) of 2,154 and 1,428 bps encode polypeptides of 717 and 475 amino acids residues, respectively. The expression analysis suggests that WsDXS and WsDXR are differentially expressed in different tissues (with maximal expression in flower and young leaf), chemotypes of Withania, and in response to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, as well as in mechanical injury. Analysis of genomic organization of WsDXS shows close similarity with tomato DXS in terms of exon-intron arrangements. This is the first report on characterization of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes from Withania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Clastre M, Goubard A, Prel A, Mincheva Z, Viaud-Massuart MC, Bout D, Rideau M, Velge-Roussel F, Laurent F. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in coccidia: presence and sensitivity to fosmidomycin. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:375-84. [PMID: 17399705 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The apicoplast is a recently discovered, plastid-like organelle present in most apicomplexa. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis is one of the metabolic pathways associated with the apicoplast, and is a new promising therapeutic target in Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we check the presence of isoprenoid genes in four coccidian parasites according to genome database searches. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis, which have no plastid genome, lack the MEP pathway. In contrast, gene expression studies suggest that this metabolic pathway is present in several development stages of Eimeria tenella and in tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. We studied the potential of fosmidomycin, an antimalarial drug blocking the MEP pathway, to inhibit E. tenella and T. gondii growth in vitro. The drug was poorly effective even at high concentrations. Thus, both fosmidomycin sensitivity and isoprenoid metabolism differs substantially between apicomplexan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clastre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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Walter MH, Floss DS, Hans J, Fester T, Strack D. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots: contributions from methylerythritol phosphate pathway isogenes and tools for its manipulation. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:130-8. [PMID: 17084869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi plant roots frequently accumulate two types of apocarotenoids (carotenoid cleavage products). Both compounds, C(14) mycorradicin and C(13) cyclohexenone derivatives, are predicted to originate from a common C(40) carotenoid precursor. Mycorradicin is the chromophore of the "yellow pigment" responsible for the long-known yellow discoloration of colonized roots. The biosynthesis of apocarotenoids has been investigated with a focus on the two first steps of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway catalyzed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). In Medicago truncatula and other plants the DXS2 isogene appears to be specifically involved in the AM-mediated accumulation of apocarotenoids, whereas in the case of DXR a single gene contributes to both housekeeping and mycorrhizal (apo)carotenoid biosynthesis. Immunolocalization of DXR in mycorrhizal maize roots indicated an arbuscule-associated protein deposition, which occurs late in arbuscule development and accompanies arbuscule degeneration and breakdown. The DXS2 isogene is being developed as a tool to knock-down apocarotenoid biosynthesis in mycorrhizal roots by an RNAi strategy. Preliminary results from this approach provide starting points to suggest a new kind of function for apocarotenoids in mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Walter
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Secondary Metabolism, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Sauret-Güeto S, Urós EM, Ibáñez E, Boronat A, Rodríguez-Concepción M. A mutant pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit allows survival ofEscherichia colistrains defective in 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:736-40. [PMID: 16414046 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway has been proposed as a promising target to develop new antimicrobial agents. However, spontaneous mutations in Escherichia coli were observed to rescue the otherwise lethal loss of the first two enzymes of the pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase (DXS) and DXP reductoisomerase (DXR), with a relatively high frequency. A mutation in the gene encoding the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was shown to be sufficient to rescue the lack of DXS but not DXR in vivo, suggesting that the mutant enzyme likely allows the synthesis of DXP or an alternative substrate for DXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Sauret-Güeto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Erythritol production by an osmophilic mutant of Candida magnoliae was performed in fermentations of up 50 l to develop an optimized commercial process. By simultaneous feeding glucose and yeast extract, erythritol productivity of 1.2 g l(-1) h(-1) was reached giving 200 g erythritol l(-1) with a yield of 0.43 g g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sung Kohl
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Center for New Bio-Materials in Agriculture, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Sangari FJ, Agüero J, Garcı A-Lobo JM. The genes for erythritol catabolism are organized as an inducible operon in Brucella abortus. Microbiology (Reading) 2000; 146 ( Pt 2):487-495. [PMID: 10708387 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-2-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Erythritol utilization is a characteristic of pathogenic Brucella abortus strains. The attenuated vaccine strain B19 is the only Brucella strain that is inhibited by erythritol, so a role for erythritol metabolism in virulence is suspected. A chromosomal fragment from the pathogenic strain B. abortus 2308 containing genes for the utilization of erythritol was cloned taking advantage of an erythritol-sensitive Tn5 insertion mutant. The nucleotide sequence of the complete 7714 bp fragment was determined. Four ORFs were identified in the sequence. The four genes were closely spaced, suggesting that they were organized as a single operon (the ery operon). The first gene (eryA) encoded a 519 aa putative erythritol kinase. The second gene (eryB) encoded an erythritol phosphate dehydrogenase. The function of the third gene (eryC) product was tentatively assigned as D-erythrulose-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and the fourth gene (eryD) encoded a regulator of ery operon expression. The operon promoter was located 5' to eryA, and contained an IHF (integration host factor) binding site. Transcription from this promoter was repressed by EryD, and stimulated by erythritol. Functional IHF was required for expression of the operon in Escherichia coli, suggesting a role for IHF in its regulation in B. abortus. The results obtained will be helpful in clarifying the role of erythritol metabolism in the virulence of Brucella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix J Sangari
- Departamento de Biologı́a Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain1
| | - Jesús Agüero
- Departamento de Biologı́a Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain1
| | - Juan M Garcı A-Lobo
- Departamento de Biologı́a Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain1
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Rohdich F, Wungsintaweekul J, Fellermeier M, Sagner S, Herz S, Kis K, Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Zenk MH. Cytidine 5'-triphosphate-dependent biosynthesis of isoprenoids: YgbP protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11758-63. [PMID: 10518523 PMCID: PMC18359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate has been established recently as an intermediate of the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway used for biosynthesis of terpenoids in plants and in many microorganisms. We show that an enzyme isolated from cell extract of Escherichia coli converts 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate into 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol by reaction with CTP. The enzyme is specified by the hitherto unannotated ORF ygbP of E. coli. The cognate protein was obtained in pure form from a recombinant hyperexpression strain of E. coli harboring a plasmid with the ygbP gene under the control of a T5 promoter and lac operator. By using the recombinant enzyme, 4-diphosphocytidyl-[2-(14)C]2-C-methylerythritol was prepared from [2-(14)C]2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate. The radiolabeled 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol was shown to be efficiently incorporated into carotenoids by isolated chromoplasts of Capsicum annuum. The E. coli ygbP gene appears to be part of a small operon also comprising the unannotated ygbB gene. Genes with similarity to ygbP and ygbB are present in the genomes of many microorganisms, and their occurrence appears to be correlated with that of the deoxyxylulose pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis. Moreover, several microorganisms have genes specifying putative fusion proteins with ygbP and ygbB domains, suggesting that both the YgbP protein and the YgbB protein are involved in the deoxyxylulose pathway. A gene from Arabidopsis thaliana with similarity to ygbP carries a putative plastid import sequence, which is well in line with the assumed localization of the deoxyxylulose pathway in the plastid compartment of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rohdich
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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