1
|
Borjigin C, Schilling RK, Bose J, Hrmova M, Qiu J, Wege S, Situmorang A, Byrt C, Brien C, Berger B, Gilliham M, Pearson AS, Roy SJ. A single nucleotide substitution in TaHKT1;5-D controls shoot Na + accumulation in bread wheat. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:2158-2171. [PMID: 32652543 PMCID: PMC7540593 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving salinity tolerance in the most widely cultivated cereal, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is essential to increase grain yields on saline agricultural lands. A Portuguese landrace, Mocho de Espiga Branca accumulates up to sixfold greater leaf and sheath sodium (Na+ ) than two Australian cultivars, Gladius and Scout, under salt stress in hydroponics. Despite high leaf and sheath Na+ concentrations, Mocho de Espiga Branca maintained similar salinity tolerance compared to Gladius and Scout. A naturally occurring single nucleotide substitution was identified in the gene encoding a major Na+ transporter TaHKT1;5-D in Mocho de Espiga Branca, which resulted in a L190P amino acid residue variation. This variant prevents Mocho de Espiga Branca from retrieving Na+ from the root xylem leading to a high shoot Na+ concentration. The identification of the tissue-tolerant Mocho de Espiga Branca will accelerate the development of more elite salt-tolerant bread wheat cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chana Borjigin
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rhiannon K. Schilling
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuai'anChina
| | - Jiaen Qiu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Apriadi Situmorang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Caitlin Byrt
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Chris Brien
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Plant Phenomics FacilityThe Plant Accelerator, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bettina Berger
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Plant Phenomics FacilityThe Plant Accelerator, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Allison S. Pearson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stuart J. Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot Dry Climate, The University of AdelaideGlen OsmondSouth AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borjigin C, Schilling RK, Bose J, Hrmova M, Qiu J, Wege S, Situmorang A, Byrt C, Brien C, Berger B, Gilliham M, Pearson AS, Roy SJ. A single nucleotide substitution in TaHKT1;5-D controls shoot Na + accumulation in bread wheat. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:2158-2171. [PMID: 32652543 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.21.909887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Improving salinity tolerance in the most widely cultivated cereal, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is essential to increase grain yields on saline agricultural lands. A Portuguese landrace, Mocho de Espiga Branca accumulates up to sixfold greater leaf and sheath sodium (Na+ ) than two Australian cultivars, Gladius and Scout, under salt stress in hydroponics. Despite high leaf and sheath Na+ concentrations, Mocho de Espiga Branca maintained similar salinity tolerance compared to Gladius and Scout. A naturally occurring single nucleotide substitution was identified in the gene encoding a major Na+ transporter TaHKT1;5-D in Mocho de Espiga Branca, which resulted in a L190P amino acid residue variation. This variant prevents Mocho de Espiga Branca from retrieving Na+ from the root xylem leading to a high shoot Na+ concentration. The identification of the tissue-tolerant Mocho de Espiga Branca will accelerate the development of more elite salt-tolerant bread wheat cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chana Borjigin
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Schilling
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jiaen Qiu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Apriadi Situmorang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caitlin Byrt
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Brien
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bettina Berger
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allison S Pearson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart J Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sze H, Chanroj S. Plant Endomembrane Dynamics: Studies of K +/H + Antiporters Provide Insights on the Effects of pH and Ion Homeostasis. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:875-895. [PMID: 29691301 PMCID: PMC6053008 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants remodel their cells through the dynamic endomembrane system. Intracellular pH is important for membrane trafficking, but the determinants of pH homeostasis are poorly defined in plants. Electrogenic proton (H+) pumps depend on counter-ion fluxes to establish transmembrane pH gradients at the plasma membrane and endomembranes. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase-mediated acidification of the trans-Golgi network is crucial for secretion and membrane recycling. Pump and counter-ion fluxes are unlikely to fine-tune pH; rather, alkali cation/H+ antiporters, which can alter pH and/or cation homeostasis locally and transiently, are prime candidates. Plants have a large family of predicted cation/H+ exchangers (CHX) of obscure function, in addition to the well-studied K+(Na+)/H+ exchangers (NHX). Here, we review the regulation of cytosolic and vacuolar pH, highlighting the similarities and distinctions of NHX and CHX members. In planta, alkalinization of the trans-Golgi network or vacuole by NHXs promotes membrane trafficking, endocytosis, cell expansion, and growth. CHXs localize to endomembranes and/or the plasma membrane and contribute to male fertility, pollen tube guidance, pollen wall construction, stomatal opening, and, in soybean (Glycine max), tolerance to salt stress. Three-dimensional structural models and mutagenesis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes have allowed us to infer that AtCHX17 and AtNHX1 share a global architecture and a translocation core like bacterial Na+/H+ antiporters. Yet, the presence of distinct residues suggests that some CHXs differ from NHXs in pH sensing and electrogenicity. How H+ pumps, counter-ion fluxes, and cation/H+ antiporters are linked with signaling and membrane trafficking to remodel membranes and cell walls awaits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heven Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Salil Chanroj
- Department of Biotechnology, Burapha University, Chon-Buri 20131, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Armbruster U, Leonelli L, Correa Galvis V, Strand D, Quinn EH, Jonikas MC, Niyogi KK. Regulation and Levels of the Thylakoid K+/H+ Antiporter KEA3 Shape the Dynamic Response of Photosynthesis in Fluctuating Light. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:1557-1567. [PMID: 27335350 PMCID: PMC4937787 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Crop canopies create environments of highly fluctuating light intensities. In such environments, photoprotective mechanisms and their relaxation kinetics have been hypothesized to limit photosynthetic efficiency and therefore crop yield potential. Here, we show that overexpression of the Arabidopsis thylakoid K+/H+ antiporter KEA3 accelerates the relaxation of photoprotective energy-dependent quenching after transitions from high to low light in Arabidopsis and tobacco. This, in turn, enhances PSII quantum efficiency in both organisms, supporting that in wild-type plants, residual light energy quenching following a high to low light transition represents a limitation to photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating light. This finding underscores the potential of accelerating quenching relaxation as a building block for improving photosynthetic efficiency in the field. Additionally, by overexpressing natural KEA3 variants with modification to the C-terminus, we show that KEA3 activity is regulated by a mechanism involving its lumen-localized C-terminus, which lowers KEA3 activity in high light. This regulatory mechanism fine-tunes the balance between photoprotective energy dissipation in high light and maximum quantum yield in low light, likely to be critical for efficient photosynthesis in fluctuating light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Armbruster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Viviana Correa Galvis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Deserah Strand
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Erica H Quinn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng S, Pan T, Fan L, Qiu QS. A novel AtKEA gene family, homolog of bacterial K+/H+ antiporters, plays potential roles in K+ homeostasis and osmotic adjustment in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81463. [PMID: 24278440 PMCID: PMC3835744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AtKEAs, homologs of bacterial KefB/KefC, are predicted to encode K+/H+ antiporters in Arabidopsis. The AtKEA family contains six genes forming two subgroups in the cladogram: AtKEA1-3 and AtKEA4-6. AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 have a long N-terminal domain; the full-length AtKEA1 was inactive in yeast. The transport activity was analyzed by expressing the AtKEA genes in yeast mutants lacking multiple ion carriers. AtKEAs conferred resistance to high K+ and hygromycin B but not to salt and Li+ stress. AtKEAs expressed in both the shoot and root of Arabidopsis. The expression of AtKEA1, -3 and -4 was enhanced under low K+ stress, whereas AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 were induced by sorbitol and ABA treatments. However, osmotic induction of AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 was not observed in aba2-3 mutants, suggesting an ABA regulated mechanism for their osmotic response. AtKEAs’ expression may not be regulated by the SOS pathway since their expression was not affected in sos mutants. The GFP tagging analysis showed that AtKEAs distributed diversely in yeast. The Golgi localization of AtKEA3 was demonstrated by both the stably transformed seedlings and the transient expression in protoplasts. Overall, AtKEAs expressed and localized diversely, and may play roles in K+ homeostasis and osmotic adjustment in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kieseritzky G, Knapp EW. Charge transport in the ClC-type chloride-proton anti-porter from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:2976-86. [PMID: 21059656 PMCID: PMC3024792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first chloride transporter identified in the superfamily of ClC chloride channels was from Escherichia coli (EClC) (Accardi, A., and Miller, C. (2004) Nature 427, 803-807). Pathways, energetics, and mechanism of proton and chloride translocation and their coupling are up to now unclear. To bridge the hydrophobic gap of proton transport, we modeled four stable buried waters into both subunits of the WT EClC structure. Together they form a "water wire" connecting Glu-203 with the chloride at the central site, which in turn connects to Glu-148, the hypothetical proton exit site. Assuming the transient production of hydrochloride in the central chloride binding site of EClC, the water wire could establish a transmembrane proton transport pathway starting from Glu-203 all the way downstream onto Glu-148. We demonstrated by electrostatic and quantum chemical computations that protonation of the central chloride is energetically feasible. We characterized all chloride occupancies and protonation states possibly relevant for the proton-chloride transport cycle in EClC and constructed a working model. Accordingly, EClC evolves through states involving up to two excess protons and between one and three chlorides, which was required to fulfill the experimentally observed 2:1 stoichiometry. We show that the Y445F and E203H mutants of EClC can operate similarly, thus explaining why they exhibit almost WT activity levels. The proposed mechanism of coupled chloride-proton transport in EClC is consistent with available experimental data and allows predictions on the importance of specific amino acids, which may be probed by mutation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Kieseritzky
- From the Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 36a, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst-Walter Knapp
- From the Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 36a, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pribylová L, Papousková K, Zavrel M, Souciet JL, Sychrová H. Exploration of yeast alkali metal cation/H+ antiporters: Sequence and structure comparison. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:413-24. [PMID: 17176761 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome contains three genes encoding alkali metal cation/H+ antiporters (Nha1p, Nhx1p, Kha1p) that differ in cell localization, substrate specificity and physiological function. Systematic genome sequencing of other yeast species revealed highly conserved homologous ORFs in all of them. We compared the yeast sequences both at DNA and protein levels. The subfamily of yeast endosomal/prevacuolar Nhx1 antiporters is closely related to mammalian plasma membrane NHE proteins and to both plasma membrane and vacuolar plant antiporters. The high sequence conservation within this subfamily of yeast antiporters suggests that Nhx1p is of great importance in cell physiology. Yeast Kha1 proteins probably belong to the same subfamily as bacterial antiporters, whereas Nhal proteins form a distinct subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pribylová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Venema K, Belver A, Marin-Manzano MC, Rodríguez-Rosales MP, Donaire JP. A novel intracellular K+/H+ antiporter related to Na+/H+ antiporters is important for K+ ion homeostasis in plants. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22453-9. [PMID: 12695519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have identified the first plant K+/H+ exchanger, LeNHX2 from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker), which is a member of the intracellular NHX exchanger protein family. The LeNHX2 protein, belonging to a subfamily of plant NHX proteins closely related to the yeast NHX1 protein, is abundant in roots and stems and is induced in leaves by short term salt or abscisic acid treatment. LeNHX2 complements the salt- and hygromycin-sensitive phenotype caused by NHX1 gene disruption in yeast, but affects accumulation of K+ and not Na+ in intracellular compartments. The LeNHX2 protein co-localizes with Prevacuolar and Golgi markers in a linear sucrose gradient in both yeast and plants. A histidine-tagged version of this protein could be purified and was shown to catalyze K+/H+ exchange but only minor Na+/H+ exchange in vitro. These data indicate that proper functioning of the endomembrane system relies on the regulation of K+ and H+ homeostasis by K+/H+ exchangers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kees Venema
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, 18080-Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|